{"id":188,"date":"2017-08-02T15:24:36","date_gmt":"2017-08-02T15:24:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/?page_id=188"},"modified":"2025-08-01T11:42:32","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T15:42:32","slug":"brain-photobiomodulation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/brain-photobiomodulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Brain Photobiomodulation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background fusion-parallax-none nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:7%;--awb-padding-bottom:5%;--awb-background-image:url(&quot;https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/web-Science-lab-brain-04-A-x2000.jpg&quot;);--awb-background-size:cover;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-1 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-center fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-one\" style=\"--awb-text-color:#ffffff;\"><h1 class=\"fusion-title-heading title-heading-center\" style=\"margin:0;\">Brain Photobiomodulation<\/h1><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-padding-top:2%;--awb-padding-right:2%;--awb-padding-left:2%;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-center fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_5 2_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:40%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:4.8%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:4.8%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" title=\"Brain Photobiomodulation &#8211; Neurons\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/brain_photobiomodulation1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-176\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/brain_photobiomodulation1-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/brain_photobiomodulation1-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/brain_photobiomodulation1.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-font-size:0.8em;\"><p>Brain photobiomodulation energizes neuronal mitochondria<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><div class=\"epyt-video-wrapper\">\n<div  id=\"_ytid_95145\"  width=\"800\" height=\"450\"  data-origwidth=\"800\" data-origheight=\"450\" data-facadesrc=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FtLS3qa4M3Y?enablejsapi=1&#038;autoplay=0&#038;cc_load_policy=0&#038;cc_lang_pref=&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;loop=0&#038;rel=0&#038;fs=1&#038;playsinline=0&#038;autohide=2&#038;theme=dark&#038;color=red&#038;controls=1&#038;\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__ epyt-facade epyt-is-override  no-lazyload\"><img decoding=\"async\" data-spai-excluded=\"true\" class=\"epyt-facade-poster skip-lazy\" loading=\"lazy\"  alt=\"YouTube player\"  src=\"https:\/\/i.ytimg.com\/vi\/FtLS3qa4M3Y\/maxresdefault.jpg\"  \/><button class=\"epyt-facade-play\" aria-label=\"Play\"><svg data-no-lazy=\"1\" height=\"100%\" version=\"1.1\" viewBox=\"0 0 68 48\" width=\"100%\"><path class=\"ytp-large-play-button-bg\" d=\"M66.52,7.74c-0.78-2.93-2.49-5.41-5.42-6.19C55.79,.13,34,0,34,0S12.21,.13,6.9,1.55 C3.97,2.33,2.27,4.81,1.48,7.74C0.06,13.05,0,24,0,24s0.06,10.95,1.48,16.26c0.78,2.93,2.49,5.41,5.42,6.19 C12.21,47.87,34,48,34,48s21.79-0.13,27.1-1.55c2.93-0.78,4.64-3.26,5.42-6.19C67.94,34.95,68,24,68,24S67.94,13.05,66.52,7.74z\" fill=\"#f00\"><\/path><path d=\"M 45,24 27,14 27,34\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/svg><\/button><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"--awb-font-size:0.8em;\"><p>Vielight Neuro &#8211; Alzheimer&#8217;s Brain Photobiomodulation Research<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_3_5 3_5 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:60%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.2%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.2%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-center fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h1>What is brain photobiomodulation?<\/h1>\n<p>The brain is the most important and complex human organ. Within every brain cell are mitochondria, which are best understood as energy-producing &#8220;powerhouses&#8221; or &#8220;batteries&#8221;. Through biochemical reactions, the mitochondria create fuel for brain cells.<\/p>\n<p>Your brain&#8217;s mitochondrial performance can be improved by absorbing light energy (photons) of specific wavelengths. This process is called photobiomodulation (PBM). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scientific research<\/a> shows our brain&#8217;s mitochondria respond positively to light energy within the NIR wavelength range.<\/p>\n<p>When NIR energy from, for example, a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/brain-photobiomodulation-devices\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vielight Neuro<\/a>, is delivered to neuronal mitochondria, it is absorbed by a light-sensitive enzyme called cytochrome c oxidase. This enzyme uses NIR energy to start a series of biochemical reactions that are both beneficial and energizing to the neurons and other brain cells.<\/p>\n<p>Collectively, brain photobiomodulation heals damaged brain cells, improves cerebral blood circulation, reduces inflammation and toxicity, and regenerates damaged brain cells. In a nutshell, NIR light energy to the brain improves efficiency and performance due to better signaling and repaired connectivity between the neurons.<\/p>\n<p>The NIR spectrum of light energy provides the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/can-light-penetrate-the-skull\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deepest penetration into brain tissues<\/a> that also result in benefits. We have chosen the NIR wavelength of 810 nm based on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/6167556_Functional_brain_imaging_using_near-infrared_technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NIR window<\/a>. To determine the optimal parameters for PBM, research that uses Vielight technology often employ brain imaging and brain signaling techniques.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:27px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Penetration of Light Energy<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><div id=\"attachment_2088\" style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2088\" class=\"wp-image-2088\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1.jpg\" alt=\"810nm light energy penetration through a human skull with the Vielight Neuro.\" width=\"614\" height=\"203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-200x66.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-300x99.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-400x132.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-500x166.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-600x199.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-700x232.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-768x254.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-800x265.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-1000x331.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-1024x339.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1-1200x397.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/vielightneuro_lightdepthpenetration1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 614px) 100vw, 614px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2088\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">810nm light energy penetration through a human skull with the Vielight Neuro.<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/research\/\">Research and clinical studies<\/a> indicate that when NIR light energy has sufficient power density, it is capable of penetrating biological tissue and bone to produce therapeutic outcomes without negative side effects.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:27px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h4>The most important factors for brain photobiomodulation<\/h4>\n<p>There are two important factors for successful brain photobiomodulation:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#wavelength\">Wavelength<\/a> (810nm-1064nm)<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#powerdensity\">Surface power density \/ irradiance<\/a> (100-250 mW\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p>Watch a Vielight Neuro light energy penetration demonstration on a real human skull:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:1920px;--awb-max-height:1080px;--awb-margin-top:20px;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><lite-youtube videoid=\"RZBBour-S1k\" class=\"landscape\" params=\"wmode=transparent&autoplay=1&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player 1\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-thumbnail-size=\"auto\" data-no-cookie=\"off\"><\/lite-youtube><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"wavelength\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h4>What is the ideal wavelength for brain photobiomodulation?<\/h4>\n<p>Wavelengths within the near infrared light (NIR) light spectrum (810-1064nm) are ideal for brain photobiomodulation. Near infrared light (NIR) energy is part of the electromagnetic spectrum \u2013 which are waves (or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photons<\/a>) of the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_field\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">electromagnetic field<\/a>. It radiates through space and carries electromagnetic <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiant_energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radiant energy<\/a>. Several existing technologies depend on the ability of electromagnetic energy to penetrate solid objects, such as WiFi, mobile data, radar and navigation satellites.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Figure-1.jpg\" width=\"627\" height=\"278\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 1\u00a0<\/strong>The electromagnetic spectrum<\/p>\n<p>The depth or the power of penetration by light energy depends on the wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, the longer the wavelength, the greater the ability for photons to penetrate an object.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>810nm has a stronger effect on mitochondria, cytochrome C oxidase (CCO)<br \/>\n<\/strong>The 810nm wavelength is well-known for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.jbc.org\/article\/S0021-9258(20)76125-9\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">its strong interaction with cytochrome c oxidase (CCO)<\/a>, a key enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. By enhancing the activity of CCO, the 810nm wavelength increases ATP production, reduces oxidative stress, and modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects are crucial for cellular energy metabolism, neuroprotection, and the promotion of cell survival\u200b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>1070nm has a stronger effect on heat-sensitive ion channels<br \/>\n<\/strong>On the other hand, the 1070nm wavelength\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/366851109_Role_of_opsins_and_light_or_heat_activated_transient_receptor_potential_ion_channels_in_the_mechanisms_of_photobiomodulation_and_infrared_therapy#:~:text=while%20mitochondrial%20chromophores%20are%20activated%20by%20red%20or%20near%2Dinfra%20red%20(NIR)%20light%20up%20to%20about%20850%20nm.%20However%20NIR%20light%20at%20980%20nm%20or%20longer%20wavelengths%20can%20activate%20transient%20receptor%20potential%20(TRP)%20ion%20channels%2C\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">has a more direct effect on heat-sensitive ion channels<\/a>, due to its potential to cause localized heating. Activation of these channels can lead to increased calcium influx, which is crucial for various cellular processes, including neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and neurogenesis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"cxmmr5t8 oygrvhab hcukyx3x c1et5uql o9v6fnle ii04i59q\">\n<div dir=\"auto\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><h4>Why near infrared light energy for brain photobiomodulation?<\/h4>\n<p>The optical window is the range in the electromagnetic spectrum where light has a maximum depth of penetration in tissue.<sup>[1]<\/sup> This is because the optical window is defined by the absorption of photons by blood at the shorter wavelengths and by water at the longer wavelengths. NIR light energy, within the optical window, also derives the greatest mitochondrial response out of the entire electromagnetic spectrum.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_25175\" style=\"width: 1127px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-25175\" class=\"wp-image-25175 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1117\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-200x120.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-400x240.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-500x300.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-600x360.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-700x420.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-800x480.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/optical-window.jpg 1117w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1117px) 100vw, 1117px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-25175\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2\u00a0The optical window Image source: Wang, Erica &amp; Kaur, Ramanjot &amp; Fierro, Manuel &amp; Austin, Evan &amp; Jones, Linda &amp; Jagdeo, Jared. (2019). Safety and penetration of light into the brain. 10.1016\/B978-0-12-815305-5.00005-1.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>In particular, visible light (wavelength 400 to 700 nm) is substantially absorbed by hemoglobin and other organic matter. On the other hand, absorption by water increases at wavelengths longer than near infrared light (1000+nm). This implies that wavelengths outside of the near-infrared window cannot penetrate deeply through tissue.<\/p>\n<p>We chose the 810nm wavelength because it has the lowest absorbance by hemoglobin and water &#8211; maximizing penetration through the cranium and into the brain.<\/p>\n<p>Example of 1000+nm infrared light energy absorbance: When you hold your hand out to a burning fire you feel heat being emitted by the fire. What is happening? The fire emits infrared radiation, which the water molecules absorb in your skin. Then, this is perceived as heat because the nerves in your skin detect the raised temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"powerdensity\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1144px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h4>What is the ideal power density for brain photobiomodulation?<\/h4>\n<p>Research indicates that 75-200 mW\/cm<sup>2<\/sup> of surface power density for transcranial penetration generates beneficial brain responses<sup>[5], [6], [7]<\/sup>. Logically, a lower power density results in less penetration through the skull within the 20-50 mW\/cm<sup>2<\/sup> range.<\/p>\n<p>Surface power density, also known as irradiance, is a measure of how much light energy falls on a specific area in a given amount of time. Imagine you have a laser shining on a piece of paper. The surface power density tells you how much light energy from the laser hits each square meter of the paper in a second. It&#8217;s measuring how much photonic energy lands on that spot. It determines light\u2019s ability to penetrate through the skull and reach the brain to produce the desired therapeutic effects. An optimal power density is important because it determines the amount of energy absorbed by the brain.<\/p>\n<p>Measuring power density at the LED source is inaccurate because distance and different types of lenses\/materials which protect the LEDs can greatly influence the amount of energy that reaches the human scalp. Distance reduces the amount of surface power density because of the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inverse-square_law\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inverse square law of light<\/a>. Different types of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.auer-lighting.com\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Know_how\/Papers\/paper9192_34_pa_lick.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lenses and material<\/a> can greatly influence how much light energy is absorbed before it reaches the human scalp.<\/p>\n<p>The Vielight Neuro is designed to maximize surface contact, emits and industry-leading power density and uses medical-grade lens technology.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:1920px;--awb-max-height:1080px;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><lite-youtube videoid=\"sNVp-Q20U9o\" class=\"landscape\" params=\"wmode=transparent&autoplay=1&enablejsapi=1\" title=\"YouTube video player 2\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" data-thumbnail-size=\"auto\" data-no-cookie=\"off\"><\/lite-youtube><\/div><\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:14.8px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#03a9f4;--awb-content-color:#353535;--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#03a9f4;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:600;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:13px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:500;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-188-1\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-8618ab2647c13962f fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_8618ab2647c13962f\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"8618ab2647c13962f\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-188-1\" data-target=\"#8618ab2647c13962f\" href=\"#8618ab2647c13962f\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">References<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"8618ab2647c13962f\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_8618ab2647c13962f\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ol>\n<li>Smith, Andrew M.; Mancini, Michael C.; Nie, Shuming (2009).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2862008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u201cBioimaging: Second window for in vivo imaging\u201d<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Nature Nanotechnology<\/em>.\u00a0<strong>4<\/strong>(11): 710\u2013711.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_object_identifier\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doi<\/a>:<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnnano.2009.326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1038\/nnano.2009.326<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Standard_Serial_Number\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ISSN<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/issn\/1748-3387\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1748-3387<\/a>.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PubMed_Central\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PMC<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2862008\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2862008<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Pe\u00f1a, Javier &amp; Muthalib, Makii &amp; Beaty, Roger &amp; Sampedro, Agurne &amp; Ibarretxe-Bilbao, Naroa &amp; Zubiaurre-Elorza, Leire &amp; Guerrero, Acebo &amp; Cortazar, Ibon &amp; Niso, Mikel &amp; Natalia, Ojeda. (2023). Enhancement of Divergent Creative Thinking After Transcranial Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation Over the Default Mode Network. Creativity Research Journal. 1-14. 10.1080\/10400419.2023.2219953. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Creative-Thinking-After-tPBM-NIR-Over-the-DMN-Pena-2023-Vielight-Neuro-Gamma.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span class=\"ArticleContentText\">Lan Yue<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0<span class=\"ArticleContentText\">Mark S. Humayun<\/span>\u00a0&#8220;Monte Carlo analysis of the enhanced transcranial penetration using distributed near-infrared emitter array,&#8221;<span class=\"CitationJournalName\">\u00a0Journal of Biomedical Optics<\/span>\u00a020(8), 088001 (7 August 2015).\u00a0<a class=\"ArticleContentSignText\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.20.8.088001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-feathr-click-track=\"true\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.20.8.088001<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Yuan, Yaoshen &amp; Cassano, Paolo &amp; Pias, Matthew &amp; Fang, Qianqian. (2020). Transcranial photobiomodulation with near-infrared light from childhood to elderliness: simulation of dosimetry. Neurophotonics. 7. 1. 10.1117\/1.NPh.7.1.015009.<\/li>\n<li>Pruitt, T.; Carter, C.; Wang, X.; Wu, A.; Liu, H. Photobiomodulation at Different Wavelengths Boosts Mitochondrial Redox Metabolism and Hemoglobin Oxygenation:\u00a0<i>Lasers<\/i>\u00a0vs.\u00a0<i>Light-Emitting Diodes In Vivo<\/i>.\u00a0<em>Metabolites<\/em>\u00a0<b>2022<\/b>,\u00a0<em>12<\/em>, 103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo12020103<\/li>\n<li>Xinlong Wang, Jacek P. Dmochowski, Li Zeng, Elisa Kallioniemi, Mustafa Husain, Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, Hanli Liu. Transcranial photobiomodulation with infrared laser increases power of brain oscillations.\u00a0<em>.<\/em>\u00a02019;\u00a0<b><\/b>():535757.<\/li>\n<li>Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089\/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:27px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Mechanisms of Brain Photobiomodulation<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" alt=\"mechanisms of photobiomodulation\" title=\"photobiomodulation-vielight-watermark\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/photobiomodulation-vielight-watermark.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-22261\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/photobiomodulation-vielight-watermark-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/photobiomodulation-vielight-watermark-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/photobiomodulation-vielight-watermark.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>\u00a0Photobiomodulation of cytochrome c oxidase<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p>Brain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/photobiomodulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">photobiomodulation<\/a> (PBM) utilizes red to near-infrared (NIR) photons to stimulate the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme (chromophore\/complex IV) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Cytochrome c oxidase is receptive to light energy. This results in an increase in ATP synthesis, leading to the generation of more cellular energy. Additionally, photon absorption by ion channels results in release of Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> which leads to the activation of transcription factors and gene expression.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmedt.2022.871196\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Published study (May 2022)<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0using the\u00a0Vielight Neuro\u00a0<em>Alpha<\/em> on how neurons and cellular components such as microtubules and tubulin respond to near-infrared PBM.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-019-42693-x.epdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Published study (April 2019<\/strong>)<\/a>\u00a0using the Vielight Neuro\u00a0<em>Gamma<\/em>\u00a0on how near-infrared PBM could positively cognition, memory consolidation and mental energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p>There are several mechanisms associated with promoting physiological change through photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). The wavelengths primarily used with PBM is within the near-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum with a sufficient power density. When hypoxic\/impaired neurons are irradiated with low level NIR photons, this triggers an increase in mitochondrial adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) production within their mitochondria.<sup>[1], [2]<\/sup> Another change is the release of nitric oxide from impaired\/hypoxic neurons.<\/p>\n<p>In hypoxic neurons: cytochrome-C oxidase (CCO), a membrane-bound protein that serves as the end-point electron acceptor in the cell respiration electron transport chain, becomes inhibited by non-covalent binding of nitric oxide. When exposed to NIR photons, the CCO releases nitric oxide, which then diffuses outs of the cell \u2013 increasing local blood flow and vasodilation.<sup>[3], [4]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Following initial exposure to the NIR photons, there is a brief burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the neuron cell, and this activates a number of signaling pathways. The ROS leads to activation of redox-sensitive genes, and related transcription factors including NF-\u03ba\u03b2.<sup>[5], [6]<\/sup> The PBMT stimulates gene expression for cellular proliferation, migration, and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors.<sup>[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:14.8px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#03a9f4;--awb-content-color:#353535;--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#03a9f4;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:600;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:13px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:500;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-188-2\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-a764c5eb62867e2ec fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_a764c5eb62867e2ec\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"a764c5eb62867e2ec\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-188-2\" data-target=\"#a764c5eb62867e2ec\" href=\"#a764c5eb62867e2ec\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">References<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"a764c5eb62867e2ec\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_a764c5eb62867e2ec\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ol>\n<li>Karu T. Primary and secondary mechanisms of action of visible to near-IR radiation on cells. J Photochem Photobiol B 1999;49:1-17.<\/li>\n<li>Wong-Riley MT, Liang HL, Eells JT, Chance B, Henry MM, Buchmann E, Kane M, Whelan HT. Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins: role of cytochrome c oxidase. J Biol Chem 2005;280:4761-4771.<\/li>\n<li>Karu TI, Pyatibrat LV, Afanasyeva NI. Cellular effects of low power laser therapy can be mediated by nitric oxide. Lasers Surg Med 2005;36:307-314.<\/li>\n<li>Huang YY, Chen AC, Carroll JD, Hamblin MR. Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy. Dose Response 2009;7:358-383.<\/li>\n<li>Migliario M, Pittarella P, Fanuli M, Rizzi M, Reno F. Laser-induced osteoblast proliferation is mediated by ROS production. Lasers Med Sci 2014;29:1463-1467.<\/li>\n<li>Avci P, Gupta GK, Clark J, Wikonkal N, Hamblin MR. Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) for treatment of hair loss. Lasers Surg Med 2014;46:144-151.<\/li>\n<li>Huang YY, Gupta A, Vecchio D, de Arce VJ, Huang SF, Xuan W, Hamblin MR. Transcranial low level laser (light) therapy for traumatic brain injury. J Biophotonics 2012;5:827-837.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:27px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Therapeutic Outcomes of Brain Photobiomodulation<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" alt=\"light energy and vielight iPBM\" title=\"Photobiomodulation Mechanisms\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Can-light-energy-reach-the-brain-x600.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-12676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Can-light-energy-reach-the-brain-x600-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Can-light-energy-reach-the-brain-x600-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Can-light-energy-reach-the-brain-x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 4\u00a0<\/strong>Cascading cellular effects of photobiomodulation<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element in-legacy-container\" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" alt=\"brain photobiomodulation benefits\" title=\"Brain Photobiomodulation Benefits\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Brain-photobiomodulation-benefits-x600.jpg\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-12681\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Brain-photobiomodulation-benefits-x600-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Brain-photobiomodulation-benefits-x600-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Brain-photobiomodulation-benefits-x600.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Figure 5 <\/strong>The therapeutic outcomes of brain photobiomodulation<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h4><strong>CCO upregulation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The absorption of red to NIR photons by mitochondria CCO triggers a series of cellular and physiological effects occur in the brain, also known as CCO upregulation.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CCO upregulation leads to:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A small increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate mitochondrial signaling pathways linked to neuroprotection.\u00a0<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>An increase in nitric oxide (NO) which stimulate vasodilation and cerebral blood flow.<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/li>\n<li>An increase in ATP production\u00a0<sup>[5]<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Combined, these effects trigger and improve the activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors that modulate the long-term expression of various proteins and metabolic pathways in the brain.<sup>[6]<\/sup>\u00a0Additionally, electrophysiological effects on the human brain have also been demonstrated by PBM in older people.<sup>[7, 8]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Metabolic effects and brain oxygenation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>The metabolic effects of PBM in the elderly have been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to the increase in CCO activity, leading to an increase in brain oxygenation. Photobiomodulation of the prefrontal cortex was able to increase the resting-state EEG alpha, beta and gamma power, and more efficient prefrontal fMRI response, facilitating cognitive processing in the elderly.\u00a0<sup>[8]<\/sup>\u00a0Additionally, photobiomodulation of the Default Mode Network (DMN) has also been shown to increase cerebral perfusion due to an increase in mitochondrial activity.\u00a0<sup>[9]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Brain PBM and anti-inflammatory effects<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In addition to the above findings, PBM may be a promising strategy for improving aging brains because of its anti-inflammatory effects.\u00a0<sup>[10, 11]<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h4><strong>Brain PBM leads to a reduction in neuronal excitotoxicity<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>In 2022, researchers from the University of Alberta published a multi-layered study investigating the way that living cells, cellular structures, and components such as microtubules and tubulin respond to near-infrared photobiomodulation (NIR PBM) using the Vielight Neuro Alpha.<\/p>\n<p>Their study showed that PBM balances excitatory stimulation with inhibition, indicating that PBM may reduce excitotoxicity which is relevant to the maintenance of a healthy brain. This study also showed that low-intensity PBM upregulates mitochondrial potential and improves physiological brain functions impaired due to trauma or neurodegeneration.\u00a0<sup>[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Brain PBM increases cerebral vascularity and oxygenation<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Aging is accompanied by changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. The blood vessels within the brain are no exception. As one ages, a decrease in blood flow to the brain is caused by a loss of cerebral vascularity, leading to cognitive decline when neurons cannot obtain sufficient oxygen.<sup>[13] <\/sup>Brain photobiomodulation has also been shown to increase cerebral blood flow due to the vasodilation that occurs after the release of nitric oxide.<sup>[14]\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:14.8px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#03a9f4;--awb-content-color:#353535;--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#03a9f4;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:600;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:13px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:500;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-188-3\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-87b9d58cab7c095c3 fusion-toggle-has-divider\" style=\"--awb-title-color:#03a9f4;\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_87b9d58cab7c095c3\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"87b9d58cab7c095c3\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-188-3\" data-target=\"#87b9d58cab7c095c3\" href=\"#87b9d58cab7c095c3\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">References<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"87b9d58cab7c095c3\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_87b9d58cab7c095c3\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ol>\n<li>Jang, J. Y., Blum, A., Liu, J., &amp; Finkel, T. (2018). The role of mitochondria in aging. The Journal of clinical investigation, 128(9), 3662\u20133670.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI120842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI120842<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dompe, C., Moncrieff, L., Matys, J., Grzech-Le\u015bniak, K., Kocherova, I., Bryja, A., Bruska, M., Dominiak, M., Mozdziak, P., Skiba, T., Shibli, J. A., Angelova Volponi, A., Kempisty, B., &amp; Dyszkiewicz-Konwi\u0144ska, M. (2020). Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(6), 1724.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061724\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9061724<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Suski, J. M., Lebiedzinska, M., Bonora, M., Pinton, P., Duszynski, J., &amp; Wieckowski, M. R. (2012). Relation between mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation. In Mitochondrial bioenergetics (pp. 183-205). Humana Press.<\/li>\n<li>Wang X., Tian F., Soni S.S., Gonzalez-Lima F., Liu H. Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:30540. doi: 10.1038\/srep30540.<\/li>\n<li>Hamblin M.R. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke. J. Neurosci. Res. 2018;96:731\u2013743. doi: 10.1002\/jnr.24190.<\/li>\n<li>Cardoso FDS, Mansur FCB, Lopes-Martins R\u00c1B, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Transcranial Laser Photobiomodulation Improves Intracellular Signaling Linked to Cell Survival, Memory and Glucose Metabolism in the Aged Brain: A Preliminary Study. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Sep 3;15:683127. doi: 10.3389\/fncel.2021.683127. PMID: 34539346; PMCID: PMC8446546.<\/li>\n<li>Wang, X., Dmochowski, J. P., Zeng, L., Kallioniemi, E., Husain, M., GonzalezLima, F., &amp; Liu, H. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms. Neurophotonics, 6(2), 025013.<\/li>\n<li>Vargas E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, et al. Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. Lasers in medical science. 2017;32(5):1153\u20131162. [PubMed: 28466195]<\/li>\n<li>Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089\/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.<\/li>\n<li>Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361. doi: 10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337. Epub 2017 May 19. PMID: 28748217; PMCID: PMC5523874.<\/li>\n<li>dos Santos Cardoso, F., Mansur, F.C.B., Ara\u00fajo, B.H.S.\u00a0<em>et al.<\/em>Photobiomodulation Improves the Inflammatory Response and Intracellular Signaling Proteins Linked to Vascular Function and Cell Survival in the Brain of Aged Rats.\u00a0<em>Mol Neurobiol<\/em>\u00a059<strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>420\u2013428 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-021-02606-4<\/li>\n<li>Staelens Michael, Di Gregorio Elisabetta, Kalra Aarat P., Le Hoa T., Hosseinkhah Nazanin, Karimpoor Mahroo, Lim Lew, Tuszy\u0144ski Jack A. Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation of Living Cells, Tubulin, and Microtubules In Vitro, Frontiers in Medical Technology 4. 2022 May 04, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmedt.2022.871196, ISBN:2673-3129<\/li>\n<li>Salgado AS, Z\u00e2ngaro RA, Parreira RB, Kerppers II. The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(1):339\u2013 346. doi: 10.1007\/s10103-014-1669-2 [PubMed: 25277249]<\/li>\n<li>Yang T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Leak RK, Zhang F. The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 Mar;34:15-29. doi: 10.1016\/j.arr.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27693240; PMCID: PMC5250548.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:27px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Brain Photobiomodulation Applications<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p>The literature on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=brain+photobiomodulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brain photobiomodulation<\/a> is growing rapidly.\u00a0Currently, there are over 220 published studies on <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/?term=brain+photobiomodulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">brain photobiomodulation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Brain photobiomodulation has been shown to increase cerebral perfusion and increase connectivity within the Default Mode Network of patients with Alzheimer&#8217;s disease and dementia.<sup>[1],[2]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In patients with Parkinson&#8217;s disease, measures of mobility, cognition, dynamic balance and fine motor skill y improved (<em>p<\/em> &lt; 0.05) with PBM treatment for 12 weeks and up to one year.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>There is scientific literature that suggests photobiomodulation might be useful for depression\/anxiety.<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Photobiomodulation has also been shown to induce positive physiological changes for traumatic brain injury.<sup>[5]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>EEG neural activity can also be influenced by pulsed NIR energy.<sup>[6],[7]<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>We can expect many more research outcomes of PBM featuring the use of Vielight technology in the near future.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"accordian fusion-accordian\" style=\"--awb-border-size:1px;--awb-icon-size:13px;--awb-content-font-size:14.8px;--awb-icon-alignment:left;--awb-hover-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-border-color:#cccccc;--awb-background-color:#ffffff;--awb-divider-color:#e0dede;--awb-divider-hover-color:#e0dede;--awb-icon-color:#ffffff;--awb-title-color:#03a9f4;--awb-content-color:#353535;--awb-icon-box-color:#333333;--awb-toggle-hover-accent-color:#03a9f4;--awb-title-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-title-font-weight:600;--awb-title-font-style:normal;--awb-title-font-size:13px;--awb-content-font-family:&quot;Poppins&quot;;--awb-content-font-style:normal;--awb-content-font-weight:500;\"><div class=\"panel-group fusion-toggle-icon-boxed\" id=\"accordion-188-4\"><div class=\"fusion-panel panel-default panel-2c032752a78ae327a fusion-toggle-has-divider\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><h4 class=\"panel-title toggle\" id=\"toggle_2c032752a78ae327a\"><a aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"2c032752a78ae327a\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion-188-4\" data-target=\"#2c032752a78ae327a\" href=\"#2c032752a78ae327a\"><span class=\"fusion-toggle-icon-wrapper\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i class=\"fa-fusion-box active-icon awb-icon-minus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><i class=\"fa-fusion-box inactive-icon awb-icon-plus\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fusion-toggle-heading\">References<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"2c032752a78ae327a\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse \" aria-labelledby=\"toggle_2c032752a78ae327a\"><div class=\"panel-body toggle-content fusion-clearfix\">\n<ol>\n<li>1. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089\/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.<\/li>\n<li>Saltmarche AE, Naeser MA, Ho KF, Hamblin MR, Lim L. Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report. Photomed Laser Surg. 2017 Aug;35(8):432-441. doi: 10.1089\/pho.2016.4227. Epub 2017 Feb 10. PMID: 28186867; PMCID: PMC5568598.<\/li>\n<li>Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson&#8217;s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. doi: 10.1186\/s12883-021-02248-y. PMID: 34215216; PMCID: PMC8249215.<\/li>\n<li>Cassano P, Petrie SR, Mischoulon D, Cusin C, Katnani H, Yeung A, De Taboada L, Archibald A, Bui E, Baer L, Chang T, Chen J, Pedrelli P, Fisher L, Farabaugh A, Hamblin MR, Alpert JE, Fava M, Iosifescu DV. Transcranial Photobiomodulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder. The ELATED-2 Pilot Trial. Photomed Laser Surg. 2018 Dec;36(12):634-646. doi: 10.1089\/pho.2018.4490. Epub 2018 Oct 20. PMID: 30346890; PMCID: PMC7864111.<\/li>\n<li>Chao LL, Barlow C, Karimpoor M and Lim L (2020) Changes in Brain Function and Structure After Self-Administered Home Photobiomodulation Treatment in a Concussion Case.\u00a0<i>Front. Neurol.<\/i>\u00a011:952. doi: 10.3389\/fneur.2020.00952<\/li>\n<li>Hala El Khoury, John Mitrofanis, Luke A Henderson, Exploring the Effects of Near Infrared Light on Resting and Evoked Brain Activity in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Neuroscience,Volume 422,2019, ISSN 0306-4522, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.10.037.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:#f9f9f9;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-blend:overlay;--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">Published Brain Photobiomodulation research<\/h2>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:25px;width:100%;\"><div class=\"fusion-separator-border sep-single sep-solid\" style=\"--awb-height:20px;--awb-amount:20px;border-color:#e0dede;border-top-width:1px;\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><div class=\"fusion-title title fusion-title-2 fusion-sep-none fusion-title-text fusion-title-size-four\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\">\n<h4 class=\"title-heading-left\">Alzheimer\u2019s Disease<\/h4>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\">\n<p>Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 University of California San Francisco &amp; the Veterans Affairs USA<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Brain_Photobiomodulation_Alzheimers_Chao_2019.pdf\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2018)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\">\n<p>Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report<br \/>\n<em>Co-authoring institutes \u2013 Harvard Medical School, Boston University School of Medicine<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<u><\/u><strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5568598\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Published Study<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 2015)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"title-heading-left\">Parkinson\u2019s Disease<\/h4>\n<p>Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson\u2019s disease using photobiomodulation: A prospective proof-of-concept study<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 University of Sydney, University of New South Wales, Griffith University<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Improvements-in-clinical-signs-of-Parkinsons-disease-Liebert-2021-1.pdf\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Liebert, 2021)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"title-heading-left\">Traumatic Brain Injury \/ Concussion<\/h4>\n<p>Changes in Brain Function and Structure After Self-Administered Home Photobiomodulation Treatment in a Concussion Case<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 VA Advanced Imaging Research Center, San Francisco VA Health Care System, Departments of Radiology &amp; Biomedical Imaging and Psychiatry &amp; Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00952\/full?&amp;utm_source=Email_to_authors_&amp;utm_medium=Email&amp;utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&amp;utm_campaign=Email_publication&amp;field=&amp;journalName=Frontiers_in_Neurology&amp;id=536411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Frontiers, Neurology, 2020) |\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00952\/full?&amp;utm_source=Email_to_authors_&amp;utm_medium=Email&amp;utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&amp;utm_campaign=Email_publication&amp;field=&amp;journalName=Frontiers_in_Neurology&amp;id=536411\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>National Center for Biotechnology Information Link<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 class=\"title-heading-left\">Brain EEG Modulation<\/h4>\n<p>Pulsed Near Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation Significantly Modulates Neural Oscillations: a pilot exploratory study<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/rdcu.be\/bxMEN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Nature, Scientific Reports, 2019) |\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6474892\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>National Center for Biotechnology Information Link<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Exploring the Effects of Near Infrared Light on Resting and Evoked Brain Activity in Humans Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 University of Sydney<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0306452219307298?via%3Dihub#!\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Elsevier, December 2019)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Modulation of cortical oscillations using 10hz near-infrared transcranial and intranasal photobiomodulation: a randomized sham-controlled crossover study<\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainstimjrnl.com\/article\/S1935-861X(21)00491-5\/fulltext?fbclid=IwAR3GqKCbTuPmXciNzXRiDPuWl1GYexwhYEx0gCmNaWNTOfGQoSMZgmSUrbg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abstract Text Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Brain Stimulation Journal, December 2021)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>PTSD and Gulf War Illness<\/h4>\n<p>Improvements in Gulf War Illness Symptoms After Near-Infrared Transcranial and Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Two Case Reports<br \/>\n<em>Institutes \u2013 University of California San Francisco &amp; the Veterans Affairs USA<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>[<\/strong>\u00a0<strong><u><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Chao_2019_MilMed.pdf\">Published Study Link<\/a><\/u><\/strong>\u00a0(Military Medicine, 184, 9\/10:5, 2019)\u00a0<strong>]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><strong>Penetration<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Selective photobiomodulation for emotion regulation: penetration study<br \/>\n<em>Harvard Psychiatry Department, Harvard Medical School<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.spiedigitallibrary.org\/journals\/neurophotonics\/volume-6\/issue-01\/015004\/Selective-photobiomodulation-for-emotion-regulation-model-based-dosimetry-study\/10.1117\/1.NPh.6.1.015004.full?SSO=1&amp;tab=ArticleLink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Red and NIR light dosimetry in the human deep brain<br \/>\n<em>Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Switzerland<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Red-and-NIR-light-dosimetry-in-the-human-brain.pdf\">Link 1<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Photon Penetration Depth in Human Brains<br \/>\n<em>The University of Southern California<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Monte_Carlo_NIR-penetration.pdf\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Monte Carlo analysis of the enhanced transcranial penetration using distributed near-infrared emitter array.<br \/>\n<em>Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Science<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PBM-Brain-Penetrance.pdf\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Transcranial Red and Near Infrared Light Penetration in Cadavers<br \/>\n<em>State University of New York Downstate Medical Center<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0047460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Quantitative analysis of transcranial and intraparenchymal light penetration in human cadaver brain tissue<br \/>\n<em>Oregon Health and Science University<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/lsm.22343\/epdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link 1<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4>Cellular Effects<\/h4>\n<p>Photobiomodulation Directly Benefits Primary Neurons Functionally Inactivated by Toxins<br \/>\n<em>Medical College of Wisconsin<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jbc.org\/content\/280\/6\/4761.long\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Neuroprotective effects of photobiomodulation : Evidence from assembly\/disassembly of the Cytoskeleton<br \/>\n<em>University of Sydney<\/em>\u00a0: <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/292675955_Neuroprotective_Effects_Against_POCD_by_Photobiomodulation_Evidence_from_AssemblyDisassembly_of_the_Cytoskeleton\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Photobiomodulation &#8211; mitochondrial ROS generation and calcium increase in neuronal synapses.<\/p>\n<h4>Novel Methods<\/h4>\n<p>A novel method of applying NIR light intracranially, impact on dopaminergic cell survival<br \/>\n<em>University of Sydney, CEA-Leti<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/258101347_Photobiomodulation_inside_the_brain_A_novel_method_of_applying_near-infrared_light_intracranially_and_its_impact_on_dopaminergic_cell_survival_in_MPTP-treated_mice_Laboratory_investigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Lin-Kou Medical Center, Taiwan<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15126282\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Infrared neural stimulation and functional recruitment of the peripheral Nerve<br \/>\n<em>Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3952042\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-one-half fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:50%;width:calc(50% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.5 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h4><strong>Cognition<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Effect of Transcranial Low-Level Light Therapy vs Sham Therapy Among Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury<br \/>\n<em>Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/TBI-Study-figueiro_longo_2020_oi_200627_1599233013.98295-Sep-2020.pdf\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review<br \/>\n<em>Department of Medical Physics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6041198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Psychological benefits with near infrared light to the forehead: a pilot study on depression<br \/>\n<em>The Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and the Laboratory for Psychiatric Biostatistics, McLean Hospital<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Depression-and-anxiety-study-1744-9081-5-46-2009.pdf\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Cognitive Enhancement by Transcranial Photobiomodulation Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex<br \/>\n<em>Department of Psychology, Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Cognitive-enhancement-by-Transcranial-Photobiomodulation.pdf\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy<br \/>\n<em>Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnagi.2020.00089\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Transcranial Photobiomodulation For The Management Of Depression: Current Perspectives<br \/>\n<em>Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Transcranial-Photobiomodulation-for-Depression-Management-NYU-Study-2019.pdf\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Increased Functional Connectivity Within Intrinsic Neural Networks in Chronic Stroke Following Treatment With Red\/Near-Infrared Transcranial Photobiomodulation<br \/>\n<em>Boston University School of Medicine, Harvard Medical School<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1089\/photob.2019.4630\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis<br \/>\n<em>Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"http:\/\/neurophotonics.spiedigitallibrary.org\/article.aspx?articleid=2500206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Shining light on the head : Photobiomodulation for brain disorders<br \/>\n<em>Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5066074\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Improved cognitive function after transcranial, light-emitting diode treatments in chronic, traumatic brain injury: two case reports<br \/>\n<em>Boston University, School of Medicine<\/em> : <strong>[ <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/21182447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a> ]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Augmentation of cognitive brain functions with transcranial lasers<br \/>\n<em>Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3953713\/pdf\/fnsys-08-00036.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Neurological and psychological applications of transcranial lasers and LEDs<br \/>\n<em>Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas<\/em>\u00a0:\u00a0<strong>[\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gwern.net\/docs\/nootropics\/2013-rojas.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Link<\/a>\u00a0]<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"bwfblock_default_font":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-188","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=188"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/188\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.vielight.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=188"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}