1. Ein wachsendes Problem für ältere Menschen – altersbedingter kognitiver Abbau
2. Verschiedene Faktoren der Gehirnalterung und des altersbedingten kognitiven Verfalls
3. Photobiomodulation des Gehirns (PBM) und Mitochondrienfunktion
4. PBM im Gehirn und metabolische Effekte
5. PBM im Gehirn und entzündungshemmende Wirkungen
6. PBM im Gehirn führt zu einer Verringerung der neuronalen Exzitotoxizität
7. PBM im Gehirn erhöht die zerebrale Vaskularität und Sauerstoffversorgung
8. Veröffentlichte Forschung – PBM im Gehirn bei älteren Menschen

Ein wachsendes Problem für ältere Menschen ist der altersbedingte kognitive Abbau.

Aufgrund des medizinisch-technischen Fortschritts ist die ältere Bevölkerung das am schnellsten wachsende Segment der Weltbevölkerung. Folglich sind die Nebenwirkungen des natürlichen altersbedingten kognitiven Verfalls – wie verlangsamtes Denken, Gedächtnisverlust und geringe geistige Energie – aufgrund der wachsenden Zahl älterer Menschen und der negativen qualitativen Auswirkungen auf ihre Lebensqualität ein immer häufiger auftretendes Problem.

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019.

Andererseits haben die Fortschritte in der Hirnstimulationsforschung in Verbindung mit technologischen Innovationen die Neurotechnologie für Langlebigkeit (oder Anti-Aging) zu einem vielversprechenden Vorschlag für das 21.

Es stellt sich die Frage: Wie kann die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns als Biohacking-Tool für Langlebigkeit eingesetzt werden, um die negativen Auswirkungen der Gehirnalterung teilweise zu mildern, indem bestimmte physiologische Prozesse verstärkt werden?

In diesem Artikel werden wir uns auf veröffentlichte Forschungsstudien beziehen, um zu untersuchen, wie die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns für Langlebigkeit und Anti-Aging eingesetzt werden könnte, indem die neuronale mitochondriale Funktion und die allgemeine ganzheitliche Gehirnleistung verbessert werden.

Bitte beachten Sie, dass nichts Bekanntes die genetische Alterung und ihre negativen Auswirkungen rückgängig machen kann, aber der Lebensstil und technologische Interventionen haben das Potenzial, einige der negativen Auswirkungen des Alterns zu verringern oder abzuschwächen.

Verschiedene Faktoren der Gehirnalterung und des altersbedingten kognitiven Abbaus

Die Alterung des Gehirns ist ein natürlicher biologischer Prozess, der zu einem Rückgang der physiologischen Funktionen des Gehirns führt. Mehrere Faktoren tragen zu diesem Phänomen bei.

Einer der bemerkenswerten Faktoren der Hirnalterung ist ein allmählicher Rückgang der Mitochondrienfunktion in den Neuronen. Dies führt zu einem Rückgang der kognitiven Funktionen und einer suboptimalen Gehirnleistung, da der Energiestoffwechsel der Neuronen in den Mitochondrien abnimmt.

Darüber hinaus führt eine Verringerung der Hirndurchblutung und der Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns aufgrund eines Verlusts der Hirnvaskularität zu einem Rückgang der kognitiven Funktion[19].

Das alternde Gehirn ist auch durch eine zunehmende Neuroinflammation gekennzeichnet.[17] Wissenschaftler haben Neuroinflammation mit kognitivem Abbau und einem höheren Risiko für altersbedingte kognitive Beeinträchtigungen in Verbindung gebracht.[18]

Was sind Mitochondrien und Neuronen?

• Mitochondrien sind die Batterien der Zelle. Diese membrangebundenen Zellorganellen (Mitochondrium, Singular) erzeugen den Großteil der chemischen Energie, die für die biochemischen Reaktionen der Zelle benötigt wird. Die von den Mitochondrien erzeugte chemische Energie wird in einem kleinen Molekül namens Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) gespeichert.
• Neuronen sind Informationsübermittler. Neuronen, manchmal auch Nervenzellen genannt, machen etwa 10 Prozent des Gehirns aus; der Rest besteht aus Gliazellen und Astrozyten, die die Neuronen unterstützen und ernähren. Sie nutzen elektrische Impulse und chemische Signale, um Informationen zwischen verschiedenen Bereichen des Gehirns sowie zwischen dem Gehirn und dem übrigen Nervensystem zu übermitteln.

Konzentration auf neuronale Mitochondrien und den Alterungsprozess

Neuronale Mitochondrien spielen eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Regulierung des Alterungsprozesses des Gehirns. Wenn ihre Funktion nachlässt, wird die Produktion von Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) reduziert, was zu einer Verringerung des neuronalen Stoffwechsels führt. Darüber hinaus führt ein Rückgang der Mitochondrienfunktion zu einer verminderten Aktivierung von Signalwegen und Transkriptionsfaktoren, die die Expression verschiedener Proteine modulieren[1].

Hinweis: Transkriptionsfaktoren regulieren die Transkription von Genen – den Prozess des Kopierens in RNA während der Proteinsynthese (kurze Information: mindestens 10.000 verschiedene Proteine machen Sie zu dem, was Sie sind und halten Sie in diesem Zustand). Proteine sind die Bausteine dessen, was Sie sind.

Photobiomodulation des Gehirns und Mitochondrienfunktion

Die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns birgt das Potenzial, die Funktion der Mitochondrien zu verbessern und so die negativen Auswirkungen des Alterns teilweise zu mildern.

Der Mechanismus der Photobiomodulation (PBM) beruht auf der Fähigkeit der Zellen, Photonen des roten bis nahen Infrarotlichts (620-1100 nm) durch den Photoakzeptor der Mitochondrien, die Cytochrom-c-Oxidase (CCO), zu absorbieren[2].

Anmerkung: CCO ist der vierte Enzymkomplex der mitochondrialen Atmungskette und katalysiert die Reaktion, bei der Sauerstoff zu Wasser reduziert wird, was mit der Produktion von Stoffwechselenergie in den Zellen verbunden ist.

Figure 1: Activation of mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase through photobiomodulation

Die mitochondrialen Biomechanismen der Photobiomodulation

CCO-Aufregulierung

Die Absorption von roten bis NIR-Photonen durch die Mitochondrien CCO löst eine Reihe von zellulären und physiologischen Effekten im Gehirn aus, die auch als CCO-Hochregulierung bekannt sind.

Figure 2: The cascade effects of photobiomodulation

Die Hochregulierung von CCO führt zu:

• Ein geringer Anstieg reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS), die mitochondriale Signalwege aktivieren, die mit der Neuroprotektion verbunden sind. [3]
• Ein Anstieg von Stickstoffmonoxid (NO), das die Vasodilatation und den zerebralen Blutfluss stimuliert [4].
• Eine Erhöhung der ATP-Produktion [5].

Zusammengenommen lösen diese Effekte die Aktivierung von Signalwegen und Transkriptionsfaktoren aus, die die langfristige Expression verschiedener Proteine und Stoffwechselwege im Gehirn modulieren[6]. Darüber hinaus wurden durch PBM bei älteren Menschen auch elektrophysiologische Effekte auf das menschliche Gehirn nachgewiesen[7, 8].

Metabolische Auswirkungen und Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns

Die metabolischen Wirkungen der PBM bei älteren Menschen erhöhen nachweislich den zerebralen Blutfluss (CBF) aufgrund der gesteigerten CCO-Aktivität, was zu einer verbesserten Sauerstoffversorgung des Gehirns führt. Die Photobiomodulation des präfrontalen Kortex konnte die Alpha-, Beta- und Gamma-Leistung des EEG im Ruhezustand erhöhen und eine effizientere präfrontale fMRI-Reaktion bewirken, was die kognitive Verarbeitung bei älteren Menschen erleichtert. [8] Darüber hinaus hat sich gezeigt, dass die Photobiomodulation des Default Mode Network (DMN) die zerebrale Durchblutung aufgrund einer erhöhten Mitochondrienaktivität verbessert. [9]

PBM im Gehirn und entzündungshemmende Wirkung

Zusätzlich zu den oben genannten Erkenntnissen könnte die PBM aufgrund ihrer entzündungshemmenden Wirkung eine vielversprechende Strategie zur Verbesserung alternder Gehirne sein. [10, 11]

PBM im Gehirn führt zu einer Verringerung der neuronalen Exzitotoxizität

Im Jahr 2022 veröffentlichten Forscher der University of Alberta eine vielschichtige Studie, in der sie die Art und Weise untersuchten, wie lebende Zellen, zelluläre Strukturen und Komponenten wie Mikrotubuli und Tubulin auf Nahinfrarot-Photobiomodulation (NIR PBM) unter Verwendung des Vielight Neuro Alpha reagieren.

Ihre Studie zeigte, dass die PBM ein Gleichgewicht zwischen Erregungsstimulation und -hemmung herstellt, was darauf hindeutet, dass die PBM die Exzitotoxizität verringern kann, was für die Erhaltung eines gesunden Gehirns von Bedeutung ist. Diese Studie zeigte auch, dass die PBM mit niedriger Intensität das mitochondriale Potenzial hochreguliert und die physiologischen Gehirnfunktionen verbessert, die aufgrund von Traumata oder Neurodegeneration beeinträchtigt sind. [14]

PBM im Gehirn erhöht die zerebrale Vaskularität und Sauerstoffversorgung

Der Alterungsprozess geht mit Veränderungen der Gewebestruktur einher, die häufig zu einem Funktionsverlust führen. Die Blutgefäße des Gehirns bilden dabei keine Ausnahme. Mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt die Durchblutung des Gehirns durch den Verlust der zerebralen Gefäße ab, was zu einem kognitiven Verfall führt, wenn die Neuronen nicht mehr ausreichend mit Sauerstoff versorgt werden können.[21] Die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns erhöht nachweislich die zerebrale Durchblutung aufgrund der Vasodilatation, die nach der Freisetzung von Stickstoffmonoxid auftritt.[20]

Figure 3: The beneficial effects of photobiomodulation

Zusammenfassung

Diese Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend, denn mit zunehmendem Alter nimmt die Mitochondrienfunktion ab, die Hirndurchblutung und die Sauerstoffversorgung nehmen ab[12] , Entzündungen nehmen zu und die Vaskularität des Gehirns nimmt ab.

Die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns hat jedoch das Potenzial, die Mitochondrienfunktion, die Hirndurchblutung und die Vaskularität des Gehirns teilweise zu verbessern und möglicherweise auch Entzündungen zu verringern.

Veröffentlichte Forschung – PBM des Gehirns bei älteren Menschen

Im Jahr 2017 fanden Forscher der Abteilung für Psychologie und des Instituts für Neurowissenschaften der University of Texas in Austin heraus, dass die Photobiomodulation des Gehirns die Alpha-, Beta- und Gamma-Leistung des EEG im Ruhezustand erhöht, eine effizientere fMRT-Aktivität fördert und die kognitive Verarbeitung von Verhaltensweisen bei Erwachsenen mittleren Alters und älteren Menschen mit dem Risiko eines kognitiven Verfalls erleichtert. Es wurden keine unerwünschten Wirkungen berichtet.

Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen das Potenzial der Photobiomodulation des Gehirns zur Verbesserung der neurokognitiven Funktionen und zur Bekämpfung des altersbedingten und durch Gefäßkrankheiten verursachten kognitiven Verfalls [13].

Im Jahr 2019 führte Dr. Chao vom Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center, eine Studie an Patienten im Alter von 80 Jahren durch, bei denen Demenz diagnostiziert wurde. Die NIR-PBM-Behandlungen wurden von einem Studienpartner zu Hause dreimal pro Woche mit dem Vielight Neuro Gamma-Gerät durchgeführt. Nach 12 Wochen kam es in der PBM-Gruppe zu Verbesserungen bei den ADAS-cog- und NPI-Scores, zu einer erhöhten zerebralen Durchblutung und zu einer verbesserten Konnektivität zwischen dem posterioren cingulären Kortex und den lateralen parietalen Knoten innerhalb des Default-Mode-Netzwerks. [15]

Im Jahr 2021 entdeckten Forscher der School of Medical Sciences der Universität Sydney in einer Pilotstudie mit 12 Teilnehmern, dass Messungen der Mobilität, der Kognition, des dynamischen Gleichgewichts und der Feinmotorik durch eine PBM-Behandlung über 12 Wochen und bis zu einem Jahr signifikant verbessert wurden. Viele individuelle Verbesserungen lagen über dem minimalen klinisch bedeutsamen Unterschied, dem Schwellenwert, der für die Teilnehmer als bedeutsam erachtet wird. Die individuellen Verbesserungen variierten, aber viele hielten bis zu einem Jahr an, wenn die Behandlung mit dem Vielight Neuro Gamma zu Hause fortgesetzt wurde. Es gab einen nachweisbaren Hawthorne-Effekt, der unterhalb des Behandlungseffekts lag. Es wurden keine Nebenwirkungen der Behandlung beobachtet.

References

1. Jang, J. Y., Blum, A., Liu, J., & Finkel, T. (2018). The role of mitochondria in aging. The Journal of clinical investigation, 128(9), 3662–3670. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI120842
2. Dompe, C., Moncrieff, L., Matys, J., Grzech-Leśniak, K., Kocherova, I., Bryja, A., Bruska, M., Dominiak, M., Mozdziak, P., Skiba, T., Shibli, J. A., Angelova Volponi, A., Kempisty, B., & Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, M. (2020). Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(6), 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061724
3. Suski, J. M., Lebiedzinska, M., Bonora, M., Pinton, P., Duszynski, J., & Wieckowski, M. R. (2012). Relation between mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation. In Mitochondrial bioenergetics (pp. 183-205). Humana Press.
4. Wang X., Tian F., Soni S.S., Gonzalez-Lima F., Liu H. Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:30540. doi: 10.1038/srep30540.
5. Hamblin M.R. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke. J. Neurosci. Res. 2018;96:731–743. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24190.
6. Cardoso FDS, Mansur FCB, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Transcranial Laser Photobiomodulation Improves Intracellular Signaling Linked to Cell Survival, Memory and Glucose Metabolism in the Aged Brain: A Preliminary Study. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Sep 3;15:683127. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.683127. PMID: 34539346; PMCID: PMC8446546.
7. Wang, X., Dmochowski, J. P., Zeng, L., Kallioniemi, E., Husain, M., GonzalezLima, F., & Liu, H. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms. Neurophotonics, 6(2), 025013.
8. Vargas E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, et al. Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. Lasers in medical science. 2017;32(5):1153–1162. [PubMed: 28466195]
9. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.
10. Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337. Epub 2017 May 19. PMID: 28748217; PMCID: PMC5523874.
11. dos Santos Cardoso, F., Mansur, F.C.B., Araújo, B.H.S. et al.Photobiomodulation Improves the Inflammatory Response and Intracellular Signaling Proteins Linked to Vascular Function and Cell Survival in the Brain of Aged Rats. Mol Neurobiol 59, 420–428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02606-4
12. Braz, I. D., & Fisher, J. P. (2016). The impact of age on cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and metabolism during exercise in humans. The Journal of physiology, 594(16), 4471–4483. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271081
13. Vargas E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, Huang LD, Abraham JA, Tanaka H, Haley AP, Gonzalez-Lima F. Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Jul;32(5):1153-1162. doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2221-y. Epub 2017 May 2. PMID: 28466195; PMCID: PMC6802936.
14. Staelens Michael, Di Gregorio Elisabetta, Kalra Aarat P., Le Hoa T., Hosseinkhah Nazanin, Karimpoor Mahroo, Lim Lew, Tuszyński Jack A. Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation of Living Cells, Tubulin, and Microtubules In Vitro, Frontiers in Medical Technology 4. 2022 May 04, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2022.871196, ISBN:2673-3129
15. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.
16. Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y. PMID: 34215216; PMCID: PMC8249215.
17. Sparkman NL, Johnson RW. Neuroinflammation associated with aging sensitizes the brain to the effects of infection or stress. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008;15(4-6):323-30. doi: 10.1159/000156474. Epub 2008 Nov 26. PMID: 19047808; PMCID: PMC2704383.
18. Simen AA, Bordner KA, Martin MP, Moy LA, Barry LC. Cognitive dysfunction with aging and the role of inflammation. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2011 May;2(3):175-95. doi: 10.1177/2040622311399145. PMID: 23251749; PMCID: PMC3513880.
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20. Salgado AS, Zângaro RA, Parreira RB, Kerppers II. The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(1):339– 346. doi: 10.1007/s10103-014-1669-2 [PubMed: 25277249]
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What is the place of photobiomodulation in a neurofeedback practice?

Every neurofeedback practitioner is aware that human brains prioritize resourcing and organization based on what they pay the most attention to. However, not everyone is aware that photobiomodulation can be an effective way to recruit the brain’s attentional networks for better results.

Neurofeedback and photobiomodulation are relatively new fields. For many, they are still somewhat esoteric fields of brain stimulation, training and modulation. Incidentally, both began their development in the late 1950s. The field of neurofeedback originated in California, while the field of PBM started in Hungary by accident. Furthermore, both can help the brain deal with complex issues while complementing each other.

The brain is an adaptive and self-reinforcing system, and neurofeedback, as a form of brain modulation, attempts to retrain neural response patterns. However, even the most effective neurofeedback interventions can encounter less responsive central nervous systems. Luckily, neurofeedback providers can benefit from having multiple ways to supply information to the brain. Thus, some brains will respond better to tPBM or to a combination of tPBM and EEG feedback. Therefore, having access to modern technological tools that offer a variety of viable brain-training options can improve neurofeedback’s outcomes.

Recent Developments in Photobiomodulation

Photobiomodulation has emerged as a promising therapy for ameliorating symptoms associated with both mental health and neurophysiological conditions. Early findings recorded in the literature indicate that photobiomodulation has significant clinical potential in the treatment of a number of brain-based disorders. These include, but not limited to, traumatic brain injury (Henderson, 2016), Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s (Johnstone, 2015), improving executive function (Barrett, 2013), memory (Rojas, 2012), stroke and developmental disorders (Hamblin, 2016), and depression (Cassano, 2015).

A meta-analysis of articles examining the link between photobiomodulation and biological processes such as metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and neurogenesis suggest that these processes are potentially effective targets for photobiomodulation to treat depression and brain injury. There is also preliminary clinical evidence suggesting the efficacy of photobiomodulation in treating major depressive disorder, comorbid anxiety disorders, and suicidal ideation (Cassano, 2016).

Pairing tPBM’s documented enhancement of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and synaptogenesis (Hennessy, 2017) with EEG-based feedback paradigms that focus on supporting neural connectivity (Collura, 2008) potentially offers a novel approach to building better brain infrastructure at any age.

Why is photobiomodulation technology synergetic with neurofeedback? 

Neurofeedback is often based on scalp electroencephalography (EEG), which measures cortical activity, and doesn’t explicitly include activity from subcortical brain regions. However, a specialized transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) system, like Vielight Neuro Pro for example, can deliver NIR light to the brain stem. It can offer a more direct impact to lower central nervous system circuitry. This is one way specialized photobiomodulation technology can complement neurofeedback and help to improve its timeline and effects.

As a source of light, tPBM supports the brain energetically, helping it with energy supply to build new connections. Neurofeedback specialists can take advantage of this new optimized state that is supportive of learning. Furthermore, when this happens, neurofeedback training can help the brain to develop better cognitive functions.

Moreover, technically astute neurofeedback practitioners may prefer additional customization options from their tPBM device to further improve outcomes. They may want to directly impact neural network patterns, particularly if they are qEEG users. This group of neurofeedback specialists may prefer to use advanced features of a professional tPBM system. For example, features like phase synchrony/asynchrony of tPBM pulsing, or options to develop a database of specialized tPBM programs that complement neurofeedback.

What are the benefits of combining neurofeedback and brain photobiomodulation? 

Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that is based specifically on brain activity. To put it simply, neurofeedback utilizes neuroplasticity to modulate and change the brain’s response to various stimuli. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and change. To attain such change, the brain needs to go through training. Thus, during the training, the brain learns to adopt a new response to a known stimulus.

Interestingly, additional stimulus or stimuli may be introduced to help the brain change its response. For example, light, color, sound, and tactile sensations are some of the primary stimuli that can be used to retrain the brain during neurofeedback sessions.

Brain photobiomodulation is a way to deliver the light to the brain. Therefore, it can be used as an additional stimulus for neurofeedback. A specialized tPBM system can become a very useful and synergetic tool in neurofeedback. For example, it can act as a mechanism for priming the brain prior to a neurofeedback session. It can also open numerous opportunities for creative approaches to improving neurofeedback outcomes.

Furthermore, neurofeedback practitioners are well aware that some individuals have difficulty tolerating initial neurofeedback sessions. This can be either because of anxiety or sensory processing issues. Therefore, having an alternative intervention that is less time-intensive and doesn’t involve pastes or gels can be helpful. It can provide some early alleviation of symptom intensity until the client is more comfortable with the neurofeedback process.

Effects of transcranial PBM on the brain 

Brain PBM, or tPBM, can be helpful for the brain on cellular level. It helps to support the brain by transcranially delivering the energy of the near-infrared (NIR) light directly to the neurons.

Current abundant research shows that NIR has the best penetration rate and is particularly suitable for brain stimulation and modulation. Although the research into tPBM has a long way to go, the science behind tPBM is gaining acceptance

While therapeutic uses of red light across the body are well documented, research into the effects of various light pulsation frequencies on the brain are more limited. The most commonly known tPBM frequencies are 10 Hz (Alpha) and 40 Hz (Gamma). Both correspond to the respective alpha and gamma oscillations in the brain. Most of the tPBM pulse frequency related research is focused on these two frequencies and below. Thus, the effects of the higher frequency pulse rates on the brain need more research. Modern tPBM systems offer more sophisticated options to conduct tPBM-related research.

The importance of specialized tPBM hardware for neurofeedback 

The absence of hardware suitable for extended research utilizing higher pulse frequencies has been somewhat of a hindrance. However, over the last few years, tPBM research has made significant progress opening the doors for deeper knowledge dives. Thus, both the researchers and practitioners utilizing tPBM are showing interest in studying and analyzing the effects of higher pulse frequencies on the brain.

Furthermore, new technologies and growing body of knowledge are helping to improve the capabilities of new tPBM hardware. For example, the recently introduced Vielight Neuro Pro tPBM system allows setting the pulse frequency between 0 and 10,000 Hz. The Neuro Pro’s numerous other variables can also be changed to find the best possible fit for the task at hand.

Why brain photobiomodulation should be of interest for neurofeedback practitioners?

Many neurofeedback practitioners have already discovered the beneficial synergies between neurofeedback and brain photobiomodulation. Thus, some use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), others use Frequency and Power Neurofeedback, and there are other forms and options. While practitioners can use different tools for and types of neurofeedback in their practice, many principles stay common.

For example, the concepts of brain mapping and brain priming are familiar to many neurofeedback practitioners. While brain mapping requires measuring tools, brain priming requires interventional tools. However, interventions do not have to be invasive.

One form of noninvasive intervention for brain priming can be transcranial photobiomodulation. There are neurofeedback practitioners who have already discovered the important and effective synergies that tPBM can offer in their work.

Photobiomodulation Research References: 

Barrett D.W., Gonzalez-Lima F. Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. Neuroscience. 2013;230:13–23. [PubMed]

Cassano P., Petrie S.R., Hamblin M.R., Henderson T.A., Iosifescu D.V. Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. Neurophotonics. 2016;3:031404. [PubMed]

Cassano P., Cusin C., Mischoulon D., Hamblin M.R., De Taboada L., Pisoni A., Chang T., Yeung A., Ionescu D.F., Petrie S.R., Nierenberg A.A., Fava M., Iosifescu D.V. Near-infrared transcranial radiation for major depressive disorder: proof of concept study. Psychiatry J. 2015;2015:352979. [PubMed]

Collura, T.F. (2008) Towards a coherent view of brain connectivity. Journal of Neurotherapy. 12, 2–3, 99–110.

De Freitas L.F., Hamblin M.R. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2016;22:7000417.

Gonzalez-Lima F., Barrett D.W. Augmentation of cognitive brain functions with transcranial lasers. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2014;8:36. [PubMed]

Hamblin, M. R. (2016). Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, 6, 113–124. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002

Henderson T.A., Morries L.D. Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain? Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2015;11:2191–2208.[PubMed]

Henderson T.A. Multi-watt near-infrared light therapy as a neuroregenerative treatment for traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen. Res. 2016;11:563–565. [PubMed]

More References: 

Henderson T.A., Morries L.D. SPECT perfusion imaging demonstrates improvement of traumatic brain injury with transcranial near-infrared laser phototherapy. Adv. Mind Body Med. 2015;29:27–33.[PubMed]

Hennessy, M., & Hamblin, M. R. (2017). Photobiomodulation and the brain: a new paradigm. Journal of Optics (2010), 19(1), 013003–. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/19/1/013003

Johnstone D.M., Moro C., Stone J., Benabid A.L., Mitrofanis J. Turning on lights to stop neurodegeneration: the potential of near infrared light therapy in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Front. Neurosci. 2015;9:500. [PubMed]

Rojas J.C., Bruchey A.K., Gonzalez-Lima F. Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32:741–752. [PubMed]

Rojas, JC., Gonzalez-Lima, F. Neurological and psychological applications of transcranial lasers and LEDs. Biochem Pharmacol. 2013 Aug 15;86(4):447-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.06.012. Epub 2013 Jun 24.

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A creative and curious mind can be a beginning of something new, something important, even something big. This is as true in the field of arts as it is in the field of sciences. This article offers one more testament to these observations.

Penijean Gracefire is a licensed mental health counsellor (LMHC) in the state of Florida. She focuses on the applications of neurofeedback in her work with clients. Like many neurofeedback practitioners, she is excited by technology that can help her in her work. Unlike most, she is a techno geek, when it comes to her tools. Moreover, her interest in and fascination with technology helps her to discover new ways of helping her clients. She also happened to have an affinity for engineering and innovation, and pushes the frontier of her tools to the limits.

Thus, one day Penijean discovered trascranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and Vielight’s tPBM devices. What happened when a talented neurofeedback practitioner with a curious mind decided on combining neurofeedback with photobiomodulation. Let’s find out the answer directly from Penijean Gracefire, LMHC.

How long have you been working with transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM)?

Penijean: I’ve been interested in how light affects brains and bodies for as long as I can remember. Sometimes I joke that my interest in the therapeutic applications of light began when I was four years old. That is when I discovered that I could soothe a fussy younger sibling using a prism. Even as a child I noticed that my mood was affected by light and color, and I wanted to know why.

I picked up my first infrared light therapy device in 2005. Then I spent some years using tPBM for peripheral applications, such as relaxation and pain management.

What have brought you to tPBM initially and why did you stay with it?

Penijean: My initial experience using tPBM to stimulate the peripheral nervous system was informative and useful. However, I found that the applications were limited for my interests. Eventually I moved on to interventions that focused more on the central nervous system.

In 2017, I met Dr. Lew Lim at a neurofeedback conference. Our discussion of his Vielight Neuro device reignited my interest in tPBM. At that time I had been sitting on ideas for integrating infrared stim (stimulation) into a closed loop neuromodulation design. Dr. Lim was willing to allow me to use the Vielight platform to start creating new techniques. My design concept incorporated both the tPBM and the neurofeedback protocols.

The early results from the prototype designs were very promising. Thus, tPBM has become a much more central element in my protocol design process. I found it to be an excellent and naturally fitting complement to neurofeedback.

Where do you see synergies between tPBM and neurofeedback?

Penijean: Research indicates that tPBM has potential to support synaptogenesis – the creation of new synapses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870908/

Neurofeedback relies on brain plasticity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity) to help individuals learn new ways to process information and regulate stress responses. Injury or illness can reduce neural capacity to adapt in real time to the changing demands of our environment. Brains need healthy and flexible neural networks to be able to prioritize and shift attention. Furthermore, they need to have the capacity to signal the central nervous system to wind down and relax. For example, this would be useful when a busy day is over.

Helping brains develop new connections, which support better function, is an important part of neurofeedback training. In my view, tPBM can potentially support the growth of those new pathways.

Combining tPBM with Neurofeedback, have you noticed anything new that could have a strong potential for helping your clients?

Penijean: The “feedback” part of neurofeedback means that we are giving the brain information based on its own behavioral changes. Typically, this feedback consists of musical sounds or visual data displays or, perhaps, an object that physically vibrates. For the feedback to work, it needs to be sufficiently novel and stimulating to recruit the brain’s attention.

After experimenting with and designing a number of innovative feedback techniques, I created the first EEG-modulated pEMF designs. While pEMF stands for pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, EEG stands for electroencephalogram. This protocol design has tremendous therapeutic potential. At the same time, these new integrated training protocols were yielding very exciting results. However, I work with many populations that are medically fragile and have compromised systems. Therefore, not all cases were suitable for the information-dense combination of neurofeedback and pEMF.

Combining Neurofeedback and Photobiomodulation

For some individuals, integrated tPBM and neurofeedback offers the perfect balance. Thus, on the one hand, this combination provides not so much feedback that their system feels overwhelmed. On the other hand, it provides not too little feedback that would fail to effectively recruit the brain’s attention.

I adapted my designs and created the first closed loop EEG-modulated pNIR (pulsed near-infrared light) protocols. This means that the individual not only simultaneously receives both the tPBM and the neurofeedback, but the NIR pulses themselves are changing in real time based on live EEG.

The combination of neurofeedback and tPBM is like a conversation with a wise friend while sitting in the afternoon sun. You receive both, the benefits of learning new helpful things about yourself and the benefits of absorbing natural light.

TPBM is the light source that supports your brain energetically, as it builds new connections. When this happens, the neurofeedback takes advantage of this optimized learning state to help your brain develop better cognitive function.

Can you provide some examples of how you employ tPBM in your neurofeedback practice?

Penijean: The practical flexibility of tPBM in a clinical setting is one of its strengths. Whether I use tPBM as a standalone therapeutic approach or combine it with other modalities often depends on individual needs.

Some people are sufficiently responsive. Thus, for them, 5-10 minutes of tPBM by itself is enough to produce a noticeable impact. Other people are a little more resilient. For those, I may do multiple things in a session, but in a sequence instead of simultaneously.

TPBM can be an effective primer at the beginning of a session before introducing sensory grounding techniques, or heart rate variability training. By applying tPBM to the head, we can help stimulate neural activity immediately prior to a neurofeedback session.

When combining tPBM with other modalities, you are only limited by your own creativity. Therefore, I try to be as creative as appropriate. For example, I may have someone wear a pair of violet eye lenses while receiving a 40hz tPBM stimulation. This helps to create a shift in gamma activity. I can also have someone wear a pair of dark amber or orange lenses, when receiving a 10hz stimulation. This can help to support slowing down into a more alpha-wave friendly state.

I noticed that layering other inputs over tPBM can also help with state flexibility and integration. Thus, utilizing inputs like binaural beats, vibrating sensory aids, or progressive relaxation audio can be helpful.

What benefits do you see tPBM on its own and in combination with neurofeedback can provide at this stage?

Penijean: A helpful way to think about these modalities is in terms of how much of a resource demand they place on a nervous system. This can be in terms of demand on attention, arousal, processing and integration. Each technique is a different way of asking the brain to prioritize and learn from specific types of sensory information. Furthermore, different brains may respond differently to the stimuli.

Some brains learn more easily when we present information to them in simpler ways. Those people make quicker, more noticeable progress, if they receive tPBM and neurofeedback separately. This separation can be done either during different sessions, or at different times during a session.

Other brains have more capacity for integrating complex information. They seem to benefit more from the combination of neurofeedback and tPBM. Often such individuals are less medically fragile and have more physical resources to help them process more dense cognitive tasks.

Both of these approaches are beneficial. Usually, we start with the simpler approach and build up over time to more complex feedback designs.

What benefits do your clients report during and following your protocols that include tPBM?

Penijean: Clients report results across a wide spectrum. Some improvements are expected, such as better sleep, more functional attention and cognitive flexibility, and less anxiety. However, I am pleasantly surprised by how frequently clients report unanticipated benefits.

For example, one elderly woman recovered her ability to remember music that she thought she lost years ago. An executive who came to reduce his anxiety around work was very happy to discover his golf game improved significantly. Children, brought in by parents concerned about academic performance, have noticed improved visual integration, better frontal lobe inhibition, and increased social awareness. As you can see, there is a lot to learn.

As you are aware, Vielight has developed and will be launching a unique new tPBM device, the Neuro Pro. What do you think the applications of the Neuro Pro can be for neurofedback practitioners and their patients specifically?

Penijean: Being both a health and wellness practitioner and a designer of innovative ways to interact with the brain, I am limited only by two things. These things are my own creativity, and the capabilities of my tools. I am someone who tends to push devices to their limits. Therefore, I am always looking for user interfaces that allow as much customization and choice as the platform can support.

The Neuro Pro is the type of device, which will allow to design and build tPBM sessions specifically tailored to a specific individual. The capacity for programming a series of pulses based on a person’s unique EEG signatures will be unprecedented.

While not every practitioner will want to design their own protocols, the Neuro Pro will still provide the platform for all practitioners to run the protocols developed by researchers.

New Brain Modulation Techniques

When new effective brain modulation techniques emerge, they can only spread as widely as the availability of the technology. Neuro Pro will support the innovation of new tPBM protocols. At the same time it will provide the devices by which these protocols can be implemented and used.

This means that neurofeedback providers will be able to pair up more precise tPBM protocols with the customized EEG biofeedback. Techniques that have not been possible before, such as cross frequency coupling feedback timed synced with near infrared pulses, to improve neural networks, or ramping frequency delivery protocols that help the brain learn state flexibility, may become much more accessible.

What could be the applications of this device for researchers and health and wellness practitioners dealing with human brains?

Penijean: One of the critical principles of interacting with the brain in effective ways is being able to observe and, to a degree, mimic some of the complex dynamics, which make up flexible neural states. The brain habituates quickly to repetitive stimuli, because so it can prioritize its limited resources.

The Neuro Pro offers the possibility of building more sophisticated and precise tPBM protocols. These protocols could not only capture the brain’s attention better, but also could produce informational sequences, which more closely match neural patterns. Thus, this Vielight device opens potential for advanced stimulation designs that can target network behaviors with more nuance and specificity.

What else would you like to add in conclusion?

Penijean: In an increasingly tech savvy society, as we are suffering from the habitual overexposure to specific light frequencies from heavy screen use, it seems poetic to me that we may be able to help rewire these brains using other types of light. The light is information. Our bodies rely on light sources to help us regulate various systems and functions. Thus, regulating circadian rhythms, affecting our sleep cycles, our immune systems, our metabolism, and our mental health are some possibilities.

Wavelengths of light are a language. The more we learn, the better we can speak to our body in ways, which it recognizes as familiar and healing. Transcranial photobiomodulation could be an invaluable mechanism in our pursuit of improving brain’s function and wellbeing.

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Light therapy terminology could be bewildering. The only way around this is to understand this terminology, the meaning behind the terms and the types of light therapy. If you are new to the light therapy space, you may find this cascade of names overwhelming and confusing. Hopefully, this article will help you to bring some order and clarity on the subject of light therapy related terminology.

Red light therapy and low-level laser therapy (LLL) are terms that describe the use of light in therapeutic applications. These terms are better known, because they have been around longer than other terms denoting light therapy. For example, near infrared light therapy (NIR) and infrared light therapy (ILT) are also two forms of light therapy. Their names are defined by the spectrum of the wavelength used. Each of them, as well as the red light therapy, can be a form of LLL. Another term for light therapy, that is more recent, is photobiomodulation therapy, PBM or PBMT.

Understanding the differences among various forms of light therapy is not as complicated as it might seem at first. The easiest way to start is to understand the related terminology. To do that, you should start from the top of the hierarchy and move down the chain. Along the way you will be able to learn and understand the relevant terms.

The Hierarchy of the Light Therapy Terminology

The term light therapy is the original name. Therefore, it stands at the top of the hierarchy. More modern equivalent of light therapy is photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). Thus, these two terms are equal in meaning and occupy the top position in the hierarchy. The next level deeper brings about terms that are critical in understanding of the variety of forms of light therapy.

Already mentioned earlier, low-level laser therapy, is one of the earliest modern forms of light therapy. Originally developed in the 60s, this name became equivalent to the name light therapy. They are often used interchangeably. However, this is not a completely correct way to use these terms. While LLL is a form of light therapy, it is not its only form. Furthermore, LLL usually refers to light therapy in the red light thorough to infrared wavelength spectrum. Yet, today, there are numerous other light therapy options from yellow to blue to ultraviolet light spectra.

This article will focus only on the subjects relevant to the light therapy in the red to infrared spectra. This should help to avoid any confusion regarding beneficial effects of light. Thus, unlike the light in red to infrared spectra, light of other spectra could be harmful in some cases. For example, ultraviolet light can cause harm, if it is used improperly. However, that is the subject matter which outside of the scope of this article.

LLL and LED Light Therapy Options

Since the invention of LLL, technological advancements allowed the use of modern light emitting diodes (LED) for light therapy. Thus, LEDs dethroned low level lasers (LLL) as the only option for light therapy. Nonetheless, many are still using the term LLL synonymously with light therapy. Just like the brand name “Hoover” displaced the common name “vacuum cleaner” for many, “LLL” displaced “light therapy” for some. However, regardless of individual preferences for terminology, the reality is that today LLLs and LEDs share the light therapy space. Each one is prominent in its own rights and for numerous applications in general wellness, medicine and beauty related fields.

The Top Levels of Light Therapy Terminology

To sum up, the two top levels of the light therapy hierarchy are:
Level 1: Light Therapy or Photobiomodulation (PBM)
Level 2: Low level laser (LLL) therapy and LED-based light therapy.

The next level down brings about terms that differentiate forms of photobiomodulation by the wavelength of light. Thus, you may encounter terms like red light therapy, near infrared light therapy and infrared light therapy. While these three types of photobiomodulation closely related, they also differ.

Prior to discussing these three wavelength options, it is important to note again that there are others. For example, ultraviolet light, blue light, green light, they all have their uses. They differ in wavelength and the quality of light. However, most importantly, they differ in the effects of these types of light on the body.

As you may recall, the focus of this article is on the light in the red to infrared spectra. Therefore, there will be no discussion of any light in the other spectra. You will be ahead of the game, if you remember that the applications of those forms of light are different.

Photobiomodulation using Light in the Red to Infrared Spectra

The red light waves fall in the range of 600 nm to 700 nm. The near infrared light waves fall into the 700 nm to 1400 nm range. The term “near infrared” alludes to the fact that this is the type of invisible infrared light that is closest to the visible red light range. Last, but not least, is the infrared light, which falls into the 780 nm to 1 mm wavelength spectrum. These three types of light have different depths of penetration and absorption by the life tissue. Therefore, their applications are in accordance with those factors.

Thus, to sum up, the next level in the terminology hierarchy belongs to the wavelengths of the light. The focus of this article is primarily on red to infrared light spectra. Other wavelengths of light, from yellow to blue, are also suitable for various forms of light therapy applications.

Level 3: Photobiomodulation based on the light wavelength, or spectrum:

1. Red light therapy.
2. Near infrared light therapy.
3. Infrared light therapy.

Types of Photobiomodulation by Application

Now you can differentiate three levels in defining light therapy or PBM. Moving forward, the next level in the hierarchy of terminology defines PBM by application type. Thus, red light therapy is suitable for topical and systemic applications. It can be used for wound healing, for various forms of skin therapy, for muscle relaxation and more. Numerous studies provide evidence to support benefits for these applications.

The term systemic photobiomodulation defines applications of red light therapy via the blood. Relatively recent research has shown that blood contains free-floating mitochondria, which absorbs the energy of red light. The term systemic implies that this type of light therapy can produce systemic effects in the body.

Using Light Therapy for Brain Stimulation

Perhaps the most complex and sophisticated application of light therapy is its use for brain stimulation. This form of light therapy is called transcranial photobiomodulation or tPBM. The light is used to penetrate through the skin, muscles and the cranium to reach the brain. Current research shows that the best form of light for tPBM is near infrared light (NIR). NIR has presented best penetration and absorption rates, and these facts have been documented using EEG and MRI scans of the brain.

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Readers may recall our intention to test the efficacy of our X-Plus device on COVID-19 in April 2020. After five months of intensive preparation by our team of researchers for this clinical trial, we are now ready. We have received all the required approvals to commence our trial. The trial recruitment has started throughout the US, and will start shortly in Ontario, Canada.

This clinical trial involves the use of the Vielight RX Plus, which is a portable photobiomodulation (PBM) device designed for home use. The LED module delivers near infrared light at 810 nm to the thymus gland and lungs, while the nasal applicator delivers 633 nm red light intranasally. In this way the light of both 810nm and 633nm wavelengths is delivered to different parts of the body. The RX Plus has some modifications to the commercially-available X-Plus device, but the design is largely similar.

Due to the pandemic, we are employing safety measures in the clinical trial. For this reason, the trial is managed remotely by clinical trial sites. One such site is located in Port Orange, Florida, USA. The other one is located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The trial subjects are monitored remotely over 30 days. The endpoint of the trial is the time for the patients to recover from an infection.

During the past few months, several parties have announced studies involving the use of PBM devices for treating patients infected with COVID-19. There are some differences between our clinical trial and the others. Firstly, the number of test subjects of 280 is far larger, which provides more realistic representation of outcomes in real life. Secondly, this trial is randomized to remove bias. Half of the trial subjects will receive only the usual standard of care, and the other half will additionally use the Vielight RX Plus. The other major difference is that the patients treat themselves at home. The participants are monitored remotely. Full safety protocols are rigorously implemented to remove the risks of human-transmitted spread of the disease.

“Over the years, there have been suggestions that PBM can boost the immune system and control inflammation, based on the data from cell and animal studies. This trial studies human subjects with COVID-19. We await the results to confirm if PBM delivered via the RX Plus is effective in treating COVID-19 infection. Notably, the intervention does not introduce any substance into the body other than the light energy, and this is done in a controlled manner,” said Dr. Lew Lim, Founder & CEO of Vielight. “As always, we seek to apply rigorous scientific study standards to test our hypotheses, and we will manage our expectations pending the final results.”

Information about participation in this clinical trial can be accessed at www.covidlight.ca. The trial has been registered with clinicaltrials.gov and the information about the trial is available there. If you are based anywhere in the US or in Ontario, Canada, please spread the word to help us to recruit the participants for this clinical trial.

Dr. Lim Awarded Worldwide Patent for the Neuro Invention

We have been receiving a lot of love for the Vielight Neuro Alpha, Gamma and Duo since their release a few years ago. Many users have reported that the devices have positively impacted their quality of life with regards to various mental functions and cognition. The award of this patent for the Vielight Neuro invention covers countries around the globe including the USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Europe, China, Japan and Australia. Dr. Lim has assigned the patent to Vielight. Patents covering other territories are pending.

Vielight Welcomes Software Developer, Mark Heydari

We welcome Mark Heydari, a top-level software developer, into our team. Mark is a full-stack developer with over 25 years of experience and a master degree in computer science from the Technical University of Denmark. His skills cover all major computer languages with an impressive record in the field. He will lead the software development work at Vielight, with particular attention paid to the Vielight Neuro Pro apps and backend platform. We expect that with the addition of Mark to our talent pool, we will add more useful and sophisticated offerings to our portfolio of products.

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Intranasal photobiomodulation (iPBM) is a distinct form of application of photobiomodulation. In itself, photobiomodulation (PBM) is a relatively new field. Even the word itself is quite new. It is familiar to mostly a limited group of scientists, engineers, early adopters and health practitioners. However, the applications and effects of PBM are gathering more interest and attention from the scientific and medical communities. Over the last 2-3 years this interest has become stronger, as new research has delivered more supportive evidence.

At this time the research specific to iPBM is limited, and it is no surprise, considering how novel this method is. Nevertheless, some studies point to strong possibilities that intranasal photobiomodulation can support and strengthen immune system via mitochondrial and cellular functions. Importantly, potential applications for intranasal PBM can be numerous, and already research studies are planned in search of more evidence.

As it is often the case with any new technology, it attracts more skepticism than support in its early days. This is a normal course of development for most novelties. History has plenty of examples of misunderstandings directed at important inventions, from cars and airplanes to, more recently, the Internet. The common misunderstanding was to consider those inventions temporary fads. Intranasal photobiomodulation is likely the newest form of PBM, and as such it gathers healthy doses of interest and skepticism.

Is there evidence supporting intranasal photobiomodulation’s effectiveness?

The only way to win the skeptics over is to provide strong evidence in support of intranasal photobiomodulation’s effectiveness. Luckily, a body of such supporting evidence is growing, as more scientists are taking closer looks at PBM.

This momentum-gaining is happening mainly due to four critical factors associated with PBM in general. Factor one is the success of exploratory studies, resulting in robust scientific validation of the PBM method for numerous applications. Factor two is the noninvasive nature of this modality. Simplicity of PBM delivery is factor three. Last, but not least, factor four is cost-effectiveness of the PBM procedures.

However, no matter how attractive PBM may look to researchers, most regulatory bodies require solid data to permit medical use. Intranasal photobiomodulation is no exception. While numerous studies create a generally positive and promising picture of PBM for many applications, these studies present a somewhat fragmented view. Yet, fragmentation, although challenging, is a common starting point to solving any puzzle.

Any reasonable solution would require a creative approach to organizing existing data from numerous photobiomodulation studies into meaningful metrics. Subsequently, when all known pieces are put together, it is much easier to understand what is missing. This approach would allow development of a methodical search for the missing data, which could support medical applications for PBM. Opportunities for such applications are numerous, and those include intranasal photobiomodulation applications.

What prospects for intranasal photobiomodulation does data show?

What about the analytical approach to scientific research in PBM and iPBM? For example, is it important to look at all the data in order to connect the dots for applications of intranasal photobiomodulaton? If you are interested in the future of PBM as a clinical therapy, you may be curious about the answers.

What does photobiomodulation research have to do with detective’s work?

Every once in a while you are likely to catch yourself making an inference based on partial facts, fragmented data, or observations which are not sufficient for a clear-cut conclusion. In some cases a deductive reasoning approach can be very effective. After all, this is what most detectives do. Remember the infamous Mr. Sherlock Holmes and his incredible deductive method and abilities?

Actually, more often than not, intelligence and counterintelligence analysts have to use partial data to understand and complete a puzzle. Research is a lot like the work of detectives and analysts, and similarities in approach are warranted. In general, most analysts use extrapolations and statistics in their analyses. It is reasonable to assume that oftentimes many of such deductions lead to correct conclusions and proofs. Otherwise, analytical deductions would not be an accepted practice.

Photobiomodulation and its applications should not be any different, when it comes to connecting the dots to find missing pieces. Thus, the theory of probabilities can be helpful in solving some convoluted puzzles and offering keys to finding better answers. Whatever the path to finding the right answers may be, the most important part is to find an undeniable validation. Ultimately, such validation will be based on solid scientific data, even if the intermittent research utilized deductions and creative guessing.

Experimental design approach and intranasal photobiomodulation

Experimental design is another practical area where partial data can lead to useful conclusions. Practice of experimental design can provide valuable insights and solutions relevant to intranasal photobiomodulation and PBM in general. The concept of experimental design is used in many industries and for numerous applications, including scientific research.
For example, many scientific studies employ experimental design principles to prove a “concept”, or rather a hypothesis. In addition to complying with regulatory requirements and various standards, researchers have the flexibility to test their hypotheses. Thus, they can manipulate different variables in a study, to achieve and observe changes in the outcomes. This is a form of experimental design in practice.

However, in scientific research, the number of variables can be dramatically high. This fact limits the possibility to test all variations in outcomes. Consequently, in such cases, researchers would have to base their conclusions on the data derived from limited samples. Therefore, they would have to resort to extrapolation based on the sampled data. Thus, the quality and integrity of the sampled data is of critical importance in making correct conclusions.

PBM and iPBM have promising future

This all may sound too scientific for some of you and not enough so for others. Whatever category you are in, you are most likely have some interest in PBM. The important part is that a lot of work is being done to investigate photobiomodulation effects on the human brain and on the body’s systemic functions. In investigations of the former, primarily transcranial photobiomodulation devices emitting near infrared light are used. For investigations of the latter, the red-light emitting intranasal photobiomodulation devices may be of better use. However, in many cases, combinations of both provide promising outcomes and warrant more investigations to gain valuable data.

The more valid scientific data is available, the faster we will answer the numerous PBM-related questions. With science on the side of PBM, the range of its applications to improve human body functions will expand.

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Vielight with its photobiomodulation (PBM) technology, has been the subject of growing interest in the field of biohacking of the brain. The delivery of light to influence brain functions is appealing to many biohackers. Not surprisingly, most are seeking ways to achieve that in an uncomplicated and affordable way, without the risk of known side effects. For these reasons, Vielight’s method of delivering light to the brain in a non-invasive way is garnering great interest and support from clinicians, researchers and consumers. This is reflected in growing online and offline forums and discussions. The subjects of discussions and interest are the many possibilities of using Vielight devices for applications that have been considered difficult to achieve.

The recent Biohacker Summit 2019, held in Helsinki, Finland, on 1 and 2 of November 2019, manifested what excites biohackers. Notably, a big excitement was about the novel approach of the application and use of PBM by Vielight. Thus, the presence of Vielight among the exhibitors created a lively buzz in the air. Not surprisingly, there also was a very dynamic stream of visitors to our busy booth. Many visitors were turning up at the booth due to the word-of-mouth recommendations by users of Vielight devices. Interestingly, many visitors were meditators of various levels who were curious about improving their meditative experiences. As a result, the interest grew much bigger after the Vielight Founder & CEO, Dr. Lew Lim made a stage presentation entitled “Elevating Brain Performance with Light”.

How Photobiomodulation Influences Body and Brain Functions?

According to Dr. Lim, “Published research has shown that photobiomodulation (PBM) has clear influence on body and brain functions. The influence of PBM is significant – all the way from cell activity to high level performance outcomes. We continue to learn from these research results and extend the theories to their effects on humans by supporting clinical trials.

Evidently, biohackers now recognize that evidence clearly shows that the brain responds to PBM, if it is delivered to the brain in the right way. In this regard, we published data to show the effects of pulsing light of 40 Hz (Gamma), when it is applied to the brain. The light causes elevation of the power of alpha, beta and gamma oscillations and reduction of the power of the slow delta and theta. Alternatively, when we induce 10 Hz (Alpha) pulsation, significant response is largely observed in the alpha band. Overall, these findings show that the brain can respond differently to different pulse rates.

Consequently, Vielight has plans for further investigation in brain response. One day, we will be able to individualize intervention, so that the brain will be given the best boost for optimal function via PBM. Now, that would be a biohacker’s dream.”

Vielight Returns to TransTech 2019

The TransTech Conference 2019 will be held again on November 15-16, 2019 at Palo Alto, California. It is a conference where futuristic ideas in transformative technologies are exchanged. This is an area that Vielight identifies with. Dr. Lew Lim will be speaking on “Brain Photobiomodulation Advances”. He will update the attendees on the state of PBM as a brain stimulation and modulation method. Importantly, Vielight will also have a booth where attendees are welcome to visit and learn more about the Vielight devices. Furthermore, visitors will have the opportunity to speak with Vielight researchers, Dr. Alison Smith and Dr. Mahta Karimpoor, and experience the devices.

Vielight Makes its Presence in Europe at MEDICA

For the first time, Vielight will be exhibiting at the MEDICA Trade Show in Dusseldorf, Germany. The event will be held on November 18-21, 2019. Most notably, MEDICA is the largest medical product and services trade show in the world. This year more than 125,000 visitors and more than 5,000 exhibitors are expected. There has been a growing interest in Vielight devices in Europe. Thus, Vielight product experts, Gennady Lemud and Dominic Lim, are looking forward to introducing our products at the Vielight booth G40 at Hall 13.

Dr. Lew Lim to Speak in Perth, Western Australia

Dr. Lew Lim will be giving a talk in Perth, Australia at a special event, on November 26^th 2019, from 11 am to 2 pm, at the Institute of Functional Neuroscience. His talk is titled “Photobiomodulation for Extraordinary Brain Functions”. Further information about the talk can be found at: https://www.facebook.com/events/1762789687199309/. Dr. Lim explains, “We are unearthing new information on how extraordinary brain functions can be achieved with light. I hope to share our experiences and research and to make this event a very rewarding one for attendees.”

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In the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, to date, no medication has succeeded in modifying Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).  Some AD medications approved by the FDA before 2003 were somewhat helpful for some patients for about 6 months.

Recently, we informed our readers of the start of our major Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pivotal trial. This involves the use of the Vielight Neuro RX Gamma to treat moderate to severe AD. You may ask, “Why should this device even work when billions of dollars have been invested without achieving any notable success?” The answer to this question is several-fold. We do not know for sure until the completion of the ongoing pivotal trial, which is the purpose of it. However, there are a few arguments that warrant the investment in a big trial.

Firstly, the data from a number of small early studies, including those conducted by independent clinical study investigators, were strong. Secondly, the Vielight Gamma employs the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) in a novel way as a viable treatment option. It uses light of selected wavelengths to target certain areas of the brain. The mechanisms of PBM to effect changes are fundamentally different from the use of medication to treat Alzheimer’s Disease.

What are Multi-factorial Pathways?

Dr. Lew Lim, CEO of Vielight Inc. and the inventor of the Neuro RX Gamma explains his theory of the pathways.  Dr. Lim says, “Although research efforts were directed towards the pathologies of amyloid, tau, inflammation, along with many other possible causes, one fundamental point is often overlooked. Drug development seeks out a single protein or molecule to target for modification. However, in reality, many biomolecules, biochemical mechanisms and pathways are involved. These are further complicated by their cross-interactions.

PBM Multi-factorial Pathways

Today, many researchers believe that developing an effective drug should stem from addressing the disease in the early stages, before the pathways get too complicated. Still, this belief makes more sense when targeting a single protein or molecule, and particularly towards preventing the progression of amyloid pathology. However, this approach comes with a big assumption that the AD pathology is not multi-factorial, but caused by a single factor, even in the early stages.”

Dr. Lim reiterates further, “This is where PBM with the Neuro RX Gamma could offer more promise than the use of single-target drug, as, fundamentally, PBM is agnostic to the pathways that AD pathology takes. Instead, PBM stimulates self-correction of aberrations in the brain’s network and systems to restore homeostasis. PBM may not work all the time and for every individual. However, the mechanisms and results from early studies suggest that the odds are better than what other modalities have shown.

The Neuro RX Gamma Role and a Pathway Map

The Neuro RX Gamma’s only intervention is to deliver pulsed near infrared light (NIR) to the default mode network of the brain to influence numerous biochemical pathways. The net result is that PBM would affect the major factors identified with the disease. Much more work is needed to support the theoretical pathways, but the “proof of the pudding is in the eating”. Ultimately, we hope that the pivotal trial will be able to indicate that effective underlying pathways and mechanisms exist.”

The complex multiple pathways are best presented by a pathway map (below) developed recently by Dr. Lim:

You can download the map, its synopsis and the references via this link: https://www.vielight.com/de//photobiomodulation-alzheimers-disease-poster/

Dr. Lim added, “There have been a lot of AD research, and much more can be added to the map. However, I included only the relevant elements that are, in my opinion, the most impactful. I made this selection in order to keep this map as concise as possible.

Finally, a Much-Requested Comprehensive Workshop by Dr. Lew Lim

There is an increasing popular demand for a workshop by Dr. Lew Lim on how to apply photobiomodulation to improve brain functions. He has presented on numerous occasions, both online and at conferences, but never in a comprehensive program. For the first time, he is scheduled to spend a whole day at the ISNR 2019 Conference in Denver to share his knowledge.

These sessions are scheduled for Thursday, September 19, 2019. Dr. Lim will start with an 8 a.m. plenary presentation, “Neural Oscillations Induced with Photobiomodulation Could Improve Neurofeedback Outcomes”. This presentation will be followed later with a 3-hour workshop, titled “The Principles and Practice of Photobiomodulation Relevant to Neurofeedback”.

Furthermore, there will also be a demonstration of new Vielight products. In addition, Penijean Gracefire will deliver a plenary presentation, “Clinical Considerations of EEG-Guided Pulsed Near-Infrared Light as Feedback”.

Opportunity to Meet, Learn and Share

According to Dr. Lim, “Although a lot of content and information will be shared at this conference, there will be very little overlapping of content over the duration of the various presentations. Much of the content will be new and will go beyond neurofeedback.”

Last, but not least, Vielight will also have a booth at the conference where attendees can ask questions and experience the Vielight technology first-hand. Furthermore, practitioners will be able to obtain a generous conference-only discount for Vielight products.

We are giving the information about this conference early in view of the amount of useful content to be delivered in this conference. Readers interested in this will have time to make plans to attend.

More information about ISNR is available on this website: https://theisnr.wixsite.com/2019-conference.

Vielight Returns to the IMMH Conference in August

Once again, Vielight will be present at the Integrative Medicine (IMMH) for Mental Health Conference. Interest in the Vielight technologies continues to grow among integrative medicine practitioners.  Therefore, this conference is a good opportunity for friends and followers to reconnect and learn of updates. The conference will be held at the Hilton San Diego Bayfront during 15-18 August 2019. Find us at the booth #53!

Vielight to be Present at the American Psychological Association (APA) 2019 Conference 

For the first time, Vielight will be present at the American Psychological Association (APA) 2019 Conference from August 8-11, 2019 in Chicago. The venue is the McCormick Place. If you are attending, we invite you to visit our Booth #415. Come by to chat, try our products and learn how our brain-focused technology can be used in the field of psychology.

The post Photobiomodulation Creates Multi-factorial Pathways first appeared on Vielight Inc - Deutsch.

The post Photobiomodulation Creates Multi-factorial Pathways appeared first on Vielight Inc - Deutsch.