The question, “When should I use an alpha frequency and when should I use a gamma frequency?” is not new. In the context of brain photobiomodulation and Vielight products, this question refers to the Vielight Neuro Alpha and Neuro Gamma devices. More specifically, answering this question requires an understanding of the differences between these two devices, their effects, and their applications.

There is a relatively simple way to think about when to use the Vielight Neuro Alpha vs the Neuro Gamma transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) devices. To be more precise, the name “pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation (PtPBM) devices” offers a more complete description of the function of these unique products. Furthermore, this name refers to the only difference between these two devices, which is the pulse rate of the near-infrared (NIR) light that they emit.

What is the benefit of the pulsed light tPBM? The answer can be simple, and it can be complex. Here is a simple answer: the pulsation of the light acts as an additional brain stimulation mechanism. Distinct pulse rates can stimulate the brain differently, producing differentiated effects. They can modulate and regulate corresponding brain waves, as well as the entire spectrum of neural oscillations. Distinct pulse rates can also affect and help to induce different brain states.

About Vielight Neuro Devices

To bring research to practice, Vielight has developed home-use transcranial photobiomodualtion devices. These tPBM devices can modulate cellular processes in the neurons and stimulate neural oscillations in the brain. The Vielight Neuro devices have been on the market since 2016. The current generation of these devices, the Neuro 3 lineup, was launched in late 2021. The redesigned models offer better user experience, comfort, and longevity, while delivering the same high-quality pulsed photobiomodulation to the brain.

The Vielight Neuro line of devices includes three models: the Neuro Alpha, the Neuro Gamma and the Neuro Duo. All three devices share the same headset and nasal applicator designs. The headset is designed to cover and stimulate the default mode network (DMN) of the brain. These devices also have the same LED light sources. Four LEDs are located on the headset, and one on the nasal applicator. All of them emit 810 nm near-infrared (NIR) light.

What are the differences between Vielight Neuro models?

You may recall that the difference between the Neuro models is in the pulse rate of the NIR light that they emit. We touched on this subject earlier in this article. Let’s dive deeper into this.

The Vielight Neuro Alpha

The Vielight Neuro Alpha device emits 810 nm NIR light pulsed at the frequency of 10 Hz. This is the frequency that falls within the range of brain’s alpha oscillations band. The Neuro Alpha device can stimulate and regulate brain’s alpha neural oscillations, while also affecting other frequency bands of neural oscillations (Zomorrody at al, 2021). The researchers in this study conclude: “Findings from this study provide novel evidence that tPBM modulates neural oscillations in a frequency and location dependent manner. This is also the first investigation to measure the significant effect of an intranasal NIR LED on brain oscillation with EEG.” This study revealed important aspects and effects of PtPBM using NIR light pulsed at 10 Hz. More research on this subject, including other pulse frequencies, is warranted.

This device has been used in research studies. It is currently used in a study for TBI, which has not yet been completed. It was also employed in a pilot study for symptoms for Gulf War Illness (GWI). In this exploratory study the researcher concluded that:

Results of these two case reports suggest that PBM therapy may be safely used to help alleviate many GWI symptoms. PBM was well tolerated by both veterans and there were no adverse effects. However, the treatments will likely need to be continued on a regular basis based on previous studies that suggest the effects of PBM are not maintained. This points to the importance of having PBM devices that are amenable to home use for treating GWI. These promising, preliminary results suggest that future, larger-scale, controlled trials of home PBM for GWI are warranted. (Chao, 2019).

Neuro Alpha and alpha wave brain stimulation effects

The Neuro Alpha delivers PtPBM using alpha wave stimulation. It is suitable for a brain that needs help with more flexibility and state shifting, or conscious redirection of attention capability. Furthermore, the 10 Hz alpha PtPBM usually has a generally calming effect on the brain. Reportedly, the effects of this pulse frequency correlate with increases in internal focus, body awareness, and state of peacefulness.In a study by Saltmarche et al (2017), with individuals with mild to moderately severe cognitive impairments, participants showed significant cognitive improvement, increased function, better sleep, fewer angry outbursts, reduced anxiety, and less wandering.

Neurofeedback practitioners noticed, that if the brain tends to ruminate and loop, and has difficulty shifting between tasks and states, alpha stimulation can be very helpful. In such cases, alpha wave stimulation can provide support for much-needed cognitive flexibility. Anecdotally, a number of individuals who experienced the benefits of alpha wave stimulation reported feeling generally relaxed and calm.

On the other hand, there are individuals who can take only a little of alpha stimulation at a time. This can happen because alpha wave stimulation can introduce more variability to the brain. For example, this could be a case when it is hard for a brain to handle too much flexibility. Therefore, despite receiving beneficial effects from tPBM on cellular level, such individuals could find being exposed to prolonged alpha brain stimulation somewhat cognitively discomforting. However, the same individuals may benefit from shortening their alpha tPBM session duration to a more appropriate for them level. Thus, just 10 or even 5 minutes of alpha wave PtPBM could be sufficient to feel its benefits if you have a higher sensitivity to alpha stimulation.

The Vielight Neuro Gamma 

The Vielight Neuro Gamma device emits 810 nm NIR light pulsed at the frequency of 40 Hz. This is the frequency that falls within the range of brain’s gamma oscillations band. Just like the Neuro Alpha, the Neuro Gamma can also affect other frequency bands of neural oscillations (Zomorrodi et al, Scientific Reports, Nature 2019).

Authors’ note:

Active tPBM caused significant changes in network global efficacy in the alpha band for 50–60%, 75%, 85–90% of sparsity levels, in the gamma band for 15%, 50–60%, 70–75% and 90% of sparsity levels. Sham tPBM did not cause any significant change in the global efficacy. Additionally, by analyzing brain network properties using wPLI and the graph theory measures, we observed significant effects of active tPBM. The connectivity measures, which assessed the integration and segregation properties of the network, showed a significance increase in clustering coefficient, characteristic path length (CPL) and local efficiency measures for each oscillation frequency band. The pulse frequency employed likely plays an important role in the effects of tPBM on brain activity. Pulsing NIR light not only minimizes the heating effect and increases the possible penetration depth, but may effectively interact with cellular activity via two proposed mechanisms by: (a) impacting the ionic channels kinetic such as potassium and calcium in the mitochondria (b) increasing the dissociation rate of nitric oxide from cyctochrome c oxidase. (Zomorrodi et al, 2019).

The Neuro Gamma devices have been employed in a number of studies and clinical trials, including those for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, TBI, concussion, and autism spectrum disorder.

Neuro Gamma and gamma wave brain stimulation effects 

In general, gamma wave stimulation is better suited for brains that tend to be more easily distracted and less focused. Furthermore, in some cases, combining tPBM with other activities to optimize brain’s performance can be an important factor in attaining best results. One such activity can be meditation, and current studies are exploring this amalgamation and its effects on the brain.

When it comes to the Neuro Gamma’s capabilities, they can be summarized as a non-invasive brain stimulation within the gamma band range. The 40 Hz pulse frequency range is associated with the natural gamma brain oscillations. This type of oscillations is usually present in the brain during high levels of activity in solving complex tasks. PtPBM stimulation in the 40 Hz gamma range can be beneficial for a brain that needs help to maintain engaged and complex processing states (Zhang et al, 2021).

Furthermore, studies (Chao, 2019) have shown that near-infrared light pulsed at 40 Hz can facilitate improvements in cognition. This includes improvements in speed and the ceiling of learning abilities. Other effects noticed in the studies were stimulation of brain’s immune cells, improved perfusion, and clearing out of toxic proteins.

The Vielight Neuro Duo 

Last, but not least, in the lineup is the Vielight Neuro Duo PtPBM device. The Neuro Duo can pulse the light either in the alpha or the gamma frequency band. Thus, the Neuro Duo combines the 40 Hz pulse frequency of the Neuro Gamma and 10 Hz pulse frequency of the Neuro alpha in one device, offering all the benefits of alpha and gamma PtPBM. You, as the user, can select one of the two frequencies for your tPBM session. For example, a recent study involving children with autism (Pallanti et al, 2022) employed both the Neuro Alpha and the Neuro Gamma devices. It demonstrated a reduction in the severity of autism spectrum disorder, as well as a reduction in cognitive and behavioral rigidity. The study also demonstrated an increase in sleep quality, and improvement in attention in the study participants.

The Vielight Neuro Pro — the flagship

The most recent addition to the Neuro family of Vielight devices has been the Vielight Neuro Pro. One-of-a-kind, the Neuro Pro offers customization options that no other photobiomodulation device can offer.

Unlike other Neuro devices, the Neuro Pro is not a one-button-push device. It comes with an app that drives the functionality of the device, giving the user full control over photobiomodulation parameters. This ability to customize numerous parameters of a tPBM session is what sets the Neuro Pro apart.

For example, with regards to the stimulation at the level of neural oscillations, the Neuro Pro covers all frequency bands. It has a pulse range of up to 10,000 Hz. This capacity allows users to set the pulse rate at any frequency corresponding to any of the known brain’s neural oscillations.

Whether you are interested in stimulating and regulating delta, theta, alpha, beta, or gamma oscillations, the Neuro Pro can help you do that.

If you are researcher, a neuroscientist, or a health and wellness practitioner with a focus on the brain, you may appreciate the unique customization features that the Neuro Pro offers. Furthermore, if you are a serious biohacker, an advanced meditator seeking to deepen your meditative experience, or a neurotech aficionado, you will surely be interested in the Neuro Pro.

Is dose important for alpha and gamma brain stimulation? 

How can I regulate the amount and level of brain photobiomodulation? How can I attain the optimal outcomes from pulsed tPBM? These are very important questions. Answering them would require consideration of the capabilities of the device used, as well as user’s individual sensitivities.

When it comes to the Vielight Neuro Alpha and Gamma devices, some users find it helpful trying different session duration options to create a tPBM experience that is optimal for them. Some people do well with only 5 or 10-minute sessions at first, and then work their way up over time. Others may find that they can tolerate only shorter session durations and stay with those with which they are comfortable. However, most users report a good tolerance of a full 20-min-session, which is the Neuro device’s pre-set default duration.

Selecting the right time of day for your tPBM session could make a difference as well. Some people are benefitting from using the gamma in the mornings, or as a midday or an afternoon “pick-me-up.” The same people can also find that, if they use it in the evenings, they have trouble sleeping. Some people benefit from a few minutes of gamma stimulation to jumpstart early in the day, and then a session of alpha stimulation in the evening, to wind down.

Finding a balanced dose of pulsed tPBM stimulation

Despite overwhelming biological similarities, we have many differences that can make us feel and react differently to various stimuli. For example, some people can run full gamma stimulation sessions and feel very energized and focused, whereas more than a brief exposure to the alpha may leave them feeling muddled and a little disconnected.

On the other hand, some may feel and enjoy the calming effect of the alpha stimulation sessions, but cannot tolerate more than only a few minutes of gamma stimulation. It is important to consider these sensitivities and use the devices accordingly. There are numerous ways that you can optimize and maximize your brain photobiomodulation experience. It only takes a little bit of effort and some trial time. Understanding that, Vielight offers a 6-month-80%-back return policy on all Vielight devices, and a two-year product warranty.

Furthermore, those who use the Neuro Pro devices have many more options available to them to fine-tune their tPBM experience. If you are a lucky Neuro Pro owner, in addition to the customizing the duration, you can consider turning off some of the LED modules, decreasing the power of the LEDs, or a combination of all three variables. This personalized customization can help you to optimize your tPBM session to fit your personal needs, tolerance, and comfort. ­

How to avoid brain overstimulation during pulsed tPBM?

20-min-sessions suggested for general Vielight Neuro use are usually suitable for most. However, there is a small number of individuals who may require a little bit of self-testing to establish the tPBM session duration that both tolerable and beneficial for them.

Brain overstimulation can happen as a result of excessive dosage of tPBM. Whether you are doing alpha or gamma brain stimulation, it is always best to avoid overstimulating your brain.

Overstimulation usually manifests itself in a form of a transient headache. Practice shows that there can be too much of a good thing, and more does not always mean better. Notably, an important factor in avoiding overstimulation is understanding your individual response to tPBM. It is important to establish the appropriate dose of stimulation that works for your brain specifically.

A simple way to do this is to start tPBM stimulation with lower duration and increase it over time. For example, a starting time can be 5 minutes per session, every second day, to establish your tolerance level. The users with good tolerance can gradually increase the time to 10 minutes, then to 15 minutes, and finally to full 20 minutes per session. This tolerance testing could be done over a period of 3-4 weeks. In addition to the tPBM session duration, it is important to consider the frequency of the sessions. The general suggested frequency of use for the Vielight Neuro devices is 3 times a week or every second day. However, in some cases the use can be extended to up to 6 days a week with one day off.

Some neurofeedback practitioners suggest that there are ways to mediate overstimulation with one pulse rate by using another. If a person prone to overstimulation undergoes gamma stimulation, for example, they could potentially mediate that overstimulated feeling by using alpha wave stimulation immediately after. This option could help to bring that higher frequency state in the brain’s gamma oscillations to a more agreeable level.

How to avoid brain under-stimulation during pulsed tPBM?

On the other hand, under-stimulation, or delivering insufficient levels of light energy to the brain, is also not a good practice. It would defeat the purpose of tPBM. Appropriate dosing of tPBM levels is an important factor in attaining best outcomes.

How long does it take to feel the effects of pulsed tPBM

In conclusion, it is important to note the timeline of when the effects of pulsed tPBM sessions may occur. Usually, users notice some effects of pulsed tPBM within a period of 2 weeks to 3 months after their first tPBM session. This period is reported anecdotally by the users, and seen in a number of studies, many of which have been mentioned above.

Everyone’s brain is “wired” somewhat differently, and sensitivities to brain stimulation differ. Depending on where you are on the sensitivity spectrum, you may feel the effects somewhat earlier or somewhat later.

Introduction

At Vielight, we work tirelessly to offer products that are helpful to improve brain functions. A large part of this relates to the use of photobiomodulation (PBM) to modulate brain waveforms. Here we share why this understanding is useful, starting with the neurofeedback practitioners’ perspective.

Neurofeedback training and the brain 

Every brain is unique. Neurofeedback practitioners know that our brains respond to external stimuli in a variety of ways. These sensory stimuli can be helpful in modifying the brain’s responses when those responses are abnormal.

Neurofeedback training is based the principle that the brain uses sensory inputs to learn. Repeated information patterns indicate to your brain how to best prioritize received information. They also teach the brain response strategies to help it to interact most effectively with its immediate environment.

During a neurofeedback session your brain will receive cues based on changes in its attention and arousal. After some repetition, your brain learns which cortical behaviors have greater impacts on auditory or visual feedback patterns. As it learns, the brain begins to generate more of those desired responses and behaviors. Instead of traditional psychological “stick and carrot” techniques, neurofeedback targets the brain directly by employing various forms of stimulation.

Furthermore, neurofeedback training helps to train the brain to react differently to a stimulus or a set of stimuli in order to change an individual’s reaction. Brain wave frequencies, or neural oscillations, can play important roles in this process because they are present during specific brain states.

Brain oscillations, neurofeedback training, and photobiomodulation

Neural oscillations and brain states

Every brain state is associated with a particular band of brain frequencies, or rhythms. These rhythms are called “neural oscillations” because they are created by a multitude of neurons communicating with each other. These neural oscillations or brain waves can be registered and measured using an electroencephalogram, or EEG.

There is a correlation between a brain state and the type and frequency of neural oscillations produced during this state. It is possible that by stimulating a particular brain wave frequency, brain activity associated with this frequency can be modulated. Research shows that transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) can be effective in stimulating and modulating the brain.

Interventional and non-interventional ways to affect brain oscillations

EEG is an important part in neurofeedback training. It is a useful, non-interventional method of capturing brain state data and allowing for its analysis. In addition to non-interventional tools like EEG, the neurofeedback training also requires interventional tools. Brain photobiomodulation is one such interventional tool offering a non-invasive form of brain stimulation and modulation using light energy.

While brain PBM can start a restorative biochemical reaction in the neurons, it can also affect the brain’s natural oscillations. It can help to increase or decrease these oscillations, stimulating the brain to change its response. To achieve this goal, the light that is emitted during a tPBM session is pulsed at a specific frequency that is similar to natural brain oscillations. The choice of the pulse rate depends on the issue at hand and on the desired outcome.

A neurofeedback specialist uses equipment to map brain frequencies with qEEG, or quantitative electroencephalogram. Such frequency mapping can be helpful in assessing some deficiencies and abnormalities in the brain’s responses. Furthermore, the brain frequency mapping provides an image of brain oscillations and their respective frequency bands. These brain wave bands are defined differently by different contributors to the field. However, they are most commonly classified into the following five frequency band categories: delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma.

What are unique brain wave frequencies?

Brain’s delta wave frequency band — 0.1 Hz to 4 Hz 

Delta frequencies fall in the range of around 0.1 Hz to 4 Hz, and constitute the lowest range of brain frequencies. Brain activity in this frequency range correlates with the states of deep sleep, along with some anomalous processes.

In addition to being present in stages 3 and 4 of sleep, delta frequencies are also commonly predominant in infants under one year. The delta waves are the slowest and have the highest amplitude. They help the brain to focus inwardly, while decreasing awareness of the outside environment. These waves are helpful in attaining a state of connection with the unconscious mind.

High-performing individuals are able to decrease their delta waves to attain top levels of performance. On the other hand, individuals who are unable to decrease their delta wave activity in the brain can experience difficulty focusing. For example, individuals with attention deficit disorder (ADD) usually experience elevated delta wave activity when attempting to focus. Therefore, individuals with ADD have limited ability to stay focused and pay attention. This inability to focus can occur in anyone who has abnormal and unsuppressed delta wave reactions.

The inability to regulate delta wave activity impedes an individual’s ability to react fast to external stimuli. It can also be the cause of an inability to navigate the outside world with ease.

Brain’s theta wave frequency band — 4 Hz to 8 Hz 

Brain oscillations in the theta waves frequency band fall between approximately 4 Hz and 8 Hz. The brain activity in this frequency range often correlates with creativity, emotions, and sensations. Theta brain frequencies are present during inwardly focused brain activity, as well as the transitional state between alertness and sleep. Theta oscillations are often prominent during states of creative activities, meditation, and spiritual contemplation.

Furthermore, activity in the theta range correlates with states of learning and memory creation and integration. It can also be present during anxious episodes.

In comparison with delta waves, theta waves are faster. However, despite representing faster brain activity, they are also present during sleep. Theta wave activity commonly correlates with distracted or dreamy states and experiences.

Brain’s alpha wave frequency band — 8 Hz to 12 Hz 

Brain oscillations in the alpha wave frequency band fall between approximately 8 Hz and 12 Hz. Alpha wave activity correlates with states that combine relaxation, alertness, and awareness. For example, the brain’s alpha wave activity is present during some stages of meditation. Alpha band activity is also associated with mental resourcefulness, while enhancing a general sense of relaxation.

During alpha wave activity, individuals can accomplish a variety of tasks more efficiently. Alpha brain oscillations promote a sense of calm, allowing the brain to prioritize and focus better. They are also commonly present in normal adults and teenagers in relaxed states. Alpha wave activity also correlates with a state of alertness, but it is absent when the brain is performing specific tasks.

Furthermore, the brain’s alpha oscillations are present during relaxed learning and while applying knowledge. They occur in both classroom and work environments.

It is possible to increase your brain’s alpha activity by doing deep breathing exercises, or simply by closing your eyes. If you wish to lower your alpha state, you could try doing a complex task, like a mathematical calculation. Alpha wave activity promotes the ability to easily switch between tasks while increasing inner awareness, balance, and calmness. It correlates with faster brain activity than that of delta and theta brain waves. Faster brain wave activity refers to activities in the states of alertness and the execution of cognitive tasks. Slow brain wave activity is present during dream-like and meditative states.

Read a published abstract of a study with our Neuro Alpha device on neural oscillations:
https://www.brainstimjrnl.com/article/S1935-861X(21)00491-5/

Brain’s beta wave frequency band — 13 Hz to 35 Hz 

Beta frequencies produce faster brain activity than alpha frequencies. Beta frequencies begin at about 13 Hz. This faster frequency occurs during a state of alertness and consciousness. If you are performing an analytical task with your eyes open, your brain’s beta oscillations are at work. This happens because communication among the neurons is increasing.

In general, when you are processing information about the world, beta wave activity is evident in the brain. This activity is present during various tasks ranging from mathematical problem solving to decision making.

Furthermore, because of its significant range, the beta frequency band consists of three sub-ranges — low beta, mid beta, and high beta.

Low Beta Frequency Band — 13 Hz to 15 Hz
The low beta frequency range activity is associated with a more relaxed and focused state.

Mid Beta Frequency Band — 15 Hz to 18 Hz
The mid beta frequency range activity is associated with alertness, mental activity, and focus.

High Beta Frequency Band — 18 Hz to 35 Hz
The high beta frequency range activity is associated with higher levels of alertness and even agitation.

Brain’s gamma wave frequency band — 35 Hz to 100 Hz 

The fastest of the five frequency bands is the gamma frequency. It is prominent when the brain is processing complex information that requires input from different parts of the brain. Intense thinking and problem solving are states that correlate with gamma wave activity. The brain oscillations in the gamma wave frequency band fall between approximately 35 Hz and 100 Hz.

Brain activity associated with a frequency of 40 Hz is of particular importance. The 40 Hz gamma wave activity is, presumably, present and needed for consolidation and complex processing of information from different parts of the brain. Whereas activity in this frequency range correlates with good memory performance, its deficiency correlates with learning issues and even disabilities.

Read a published study with our Neuro Gamma device on neural oscillations: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42693-x.epdf

Using photobiomodulation to modulate brain waves 

Considering the importance of brain oscillations, Vielight offers several products that have been found to modulate brain waves using photobiomodulation. The Vielight Neuro Alpha device trains the brain for mainly alpha brain waveforms and improves basic brain network functions. The Neuro Gamma elevates the faster brain waves of beta and gamma, and downregulates the slower delta and theta waves. The new Vielight Neuro Pro device offers the versatility of delivering PBM in the range from 0 to 10,000 Hz.

Understanding the effects of brain oscillations can be helpful in analyzing, supporting, and improving brain wellness. As studies suggest, brain PBM is a non-invasive form of neurostimulation that can help to affect and modulate brain oscillations. PBM with light pulsing at specific frequencies can help modulate and normalize brain oscillations. Considering that brain oscillations represent neural activity, this means that brain PBM can affect neural activity.

“tPBM has become a central element in my protocol design process. I find it to be an excellent complement to the functional support provided by neurofeedback.”
“Helping brains develop new connections which support better function is an important part of neurofeedback training. Based on emerging research, tPBM can potentially support the growth of those new pathways.”
Penijean Gracefire, LMHC, BCN, qEEG-D, Neurofeedback and tPBM provider and Neuro Pro user.

What is the place of photobiomodulation in a neurofeedback practice?

Every neurofeedback practitioner is aware that human brains prioritize resourcing and organization based on what they pay the most attention to. However, not everyone is aware that photobiomodulation can be an effective way to recruit the brain’s attentional networks for better results.

Neurofeedback and photobiomodulation are relatively new fields. For many, they are still somewhat esoteric fields of brain stimulation, training and modulation. Incidentally, both began their development in the late 1950s. The field of neurofeedback originated in California, while the field of PBM started in Hungary by accident. Furthermore, both can help the brain deal with complex issues while complementing each other.

The brain is an adaptive and self-reinforcing system, and neurofeedback, as a form of brain modulation, attempts to retrain neural response patterns. However, even the most effective neurofeedback interventions can encounter less responsive central nervous systems. Luckily, neurofeedback providers can benefit from having multiple ways to supply information to the brain. Thus, some brains will respond better to tPBM or to a combination of tPBM and EEG feedback. Therefore, having access to modern technological tools that offer a variety of viable brain-training options can improve neurofeedback’s outcomes.

Recent Developments in Photobiomodulation

Photobiomodulation has emerged as a promising therapy for ameliorating symptoms associated with both mental health and neurophysiological conditions. Early findings recorded in the literature indicate that photobiomodulation has significant clinical potential in the treatment of a number of brain-based disorders. These include, but not limited to, traumatic brain injury (Henderson, 2016), Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s (Johnstone, 2015), improving executive function (Barrett, 2013), memory (Rojas, 2012), stroke and developmental disorders (Hamblin, 2016), and depression (Cassano, 2015).

A meta-analysis of articles examining the link between photobiomodulation and biological processes such as metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress and neurogenesis suggest that these processes are potentially effective targets for photobiomodulation to treat depression and brain injury. There is also preliminary clinical evidence suggesting the efficacy of photobiomodulation in treating major depressive disorder, comorbid anxiety disorders, and suicidal ideation (Cassano, 2016).

Pairing tPBM’s documented enhancement of BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and synaptogenesis (Hennessy, 2017) with EEG-based feedback paradigms that focus on supporting neural connectivity (Collura, 2008) potentially offers a novel approach to building better brain infrastructure at any age.

Why is photobiomodulation technology synergetic with neurofeedback? 

Neurofeedback is often based on scalp electroencephalography (EEG), which measures cortical activity, and doesn’t explicitly include activity from subcortical brain regions. However, a specialized transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) system, like Vielight Neuro Pro for example, can deliver NIR light to the brain stem. It can offer a more direct impact to lower central nervous system circuitry. This is one way specialized photobiomodulation technology can complement neurofeedback and help to improve its timeline and effects.

As a source of light, tPBM supports the brain energetically, helping it with energy supply to build new connections. Neurofeedback specialists can take advantage of this new optimized state that is supportive of learning. Furthermore, when this happens, neurofeedback training can help the brain to develop better cognitive functions.

Moreover, technically astute neurofeedback practitioners may prefer additional customization options from their tPBM device to further improve outcomes. They may want to directly impact neural network patterns, particularly if they are qEEG users. This group of neurofeedback specialists may prefer to use advanced features of a professional tPBM system. For example, features like phase synchrony/asynchrony of tPBM pulsing, or options to develop a database of specialized tPBM programs that complement neurofeedback.

What are the benefits of combining neurofeedback and brain photobiomodulation? 

Neurofeedback is a form of biofeedback that is based specifically on brain activity. To put it simply, neurofeedback utilizes neuroplasticity to modulate and change the brain’s response to various stimuli. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain’s ability to adapt and change. To attain such change, the brain needs to go through training. Thus, during the training, the brain learns to adopt a new response to a known stimulus.

Interestingly, additional stimulus or stimuli may be introduced to help the brain change its response. For example, light, color, sound, and tactile sensations are some of the primary stimuli that can be used to retrain the brain during neurofeedback sessions.

Brain photobiomodulation is a way to deliver the light to the brain. Therefore, it can be used as an additional stimulus for neurofeedback. A specialized tPBM system can become a very useful and synergetic tool in neurofeedback. For example, it can act as a mechanism for priming the brain prior to a neurofeedback session. It can also open numerous opportunities for creative approaches to improving neurofeedback outcomes.

Furthermore, neurofeedback practitioners are well aware that some individuals have difficulty tolerating initial neurofeedback sessions. This can be either because of anxiety or sensory processing issues. Therefore, having an alternative intervention that is less time-intensive and doesn’t involve pastes or gels can be helpful. It can provide some early alleviation of symptom intensity until the client is more comfortable with the neurofeedback process.

Effects of transcranial PBM on the brain 

Brain PBM, or tPBM, can be helpful for the brain on cellular level. It helps to support the brain by transcranially delivering the energy of the near-infrared (NIR) light directly to the neurons.

Current abundant research shows that NIR has the best penetration rate and is particularly suitable for brain stimulation and modulation. Although the research into tPBM has a long way to go, the science behind tPBM is gaining acceptance

While therapeutic uses of red light across the body are well documented, research into the effects of various light pulsation frequencies on the brain are more limited. The most commonly known tPBM frequencies are 10 Hz (Alpha) and 40 Hz (Gamma). Both correspond to the respective alpha and gamma oscillations in the brain. Most of the tPBM pulse frequency related research is focused on these two frequencies and below. Thus, the effects of the higher frequency pulse rates on the brain need more research. Modern tPBM systems offer more sophisticated options to conduct tPBM-related research.

The importance of specialized tPBM hardware for neurofeedback 

The absence of hardware suitable for extended research utilizing higher pulse frequencies has been somewhat of a hindrance. However, over the last few years, tPBM research has made significant progress opening the doors for deeper knowledge dives. Thus, both the researchers and practitioners utilizing tPBM are showing interest in studying and analyzing the effects of higher pulse frequencies on the brain.

Furthermore, new technologies and growing body of knowledge are helping to improve the capabilities of new tPBM hardware. For example, the recently introduced Vielight Neuro Pro tPBM system allows setting the pulse frequency between 0 and 10,000 Hz. The Neuro Pro’s numerous other variables can also be changed to find the best possible fit for the task at hand.

Why brain photobiomodulation should be of interest for neurofeedback practitioners?

Many neurofeedback practitioners have already discovered the beneficial synergies between neurofeedback and brain photobiomodulation. Thus, some use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), others use Frequency and Power Neurofeedback, and there are other forms and options. While practitioners can use different tools for and types of neurofeedback in their practice, many principles stay common.

For example, the concepts of brain mapping and brain priming are familiar to many neurofeedback practitioners. While brain mapping requires measuring tools, brain priming requires interventional tools. However, interventions do not have to be invasive.

One form of noninvasive intervention for brain priming can be transcranial photobiomodulation. There are neurofeedback practitioners who have already discovered the important and effective synergies that tPBM can offer in their work.

Photobiomodulation Research References: 

Barrett D.W., Gonzalez-Lima F. Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. Neuroscience. 2013;230:13–23. [PubMed]

Cassano P., Petrie S.R., Hamblin M.R., Henderson T.A., Iosifescu D.V. Review of transcranial photobiomodulation for major depressive disorder: targeting brain metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. Neurophotonics. 2016;3:031404. [PubMed]

Cassano P., Cusin C., Mischoulon D., Hamblin M.R., De Taboada L., Pisoni A., Chang T., Yeung A., Ionescu D.F., Petrie S.R., Nierenberg A.A., Fava M., Iosifescu D.V. Near-infrared transcranial radiation for major depressive disorder: proof of concept study. Psychiatry J. 2015;2015:352979. [PubMed]

Collura, T.F. (2008) Towards a coherent view of brain connectivity. Journal of Neurotherapy. 12, 2–3, 99–110.

De Freitas L.F., Hamblin M.R. Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 2016;22:7000417.

Gonzalez-Lima F., Barrett D.W. Augmentation of cognitive brain functions with transcranial lasers. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 2014;8:36. [PubMed]

Hamblin, M. R. (2016). Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, 6, 113–124. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002

Henderson T.A., Morries L.D. Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain? Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2015;11:2191–2208.[PubMed]

Henderson T.A. Multi-watt near-infrared light therapy as a neuroregenerative treatment for traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen. Res. 2016;11:563–565. [PubMed]

More References: 

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Hennessy, M., & Hamblin, M. R. (2017). Photobiomodulation and the brain: a new paradigm. Journal of Optics (2010), 19(1), 013003–. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/19/1/013003

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What can be achieved by combining neurofeedback with photobiomodulation?

A creative and curious mind can be a beginning of something new, something important, even something big. This is as true in the field of arts as it is in the field of sciences. This article offers one more testament to these observations.

Penijean Gracefire is a licensed mental health counsellor (LMHC) in the state of Florida. She focuses on the applications of neurofeedback in her work with clients. Like many neurofeedback practitioners, she is excited by technology that can help her in her work. Unlike most, she is a techno geek, when it comes to her tools. Moreover, her interest in and fascination with technology helps her to discover new ways of helping her clients. She also happened to have an affinity for engineering and innovation, and pushes the frontier of her tools to the limits.

Thus, one day Penijean discovered trascranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and Vielight’s tPBM devices. What happened when a talented neurofeedback practitioner with a curious mind decided on combining neurofeedback with photobiomodulation. Let’s find out the answer directly from Penijean Gracefire, LMHC.

How long have you been working with transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM)?

Penijean: I’ve been interested in how light affects brains and bodies for as long as I can remember. Sometimes I joke that my interest in the therapeutic applications of light began when I was four years old. That is when I discovered that I could soothe a fussy younger sibling using a prism. Even as a child I noticed that my mood was affected by light and color, and I wanted to know why.

I picked up my first infrared light therapy device in 2005. Then I spent some years using tPBM for peripheral applications, such as relaxation and pain management.

What have brought you to tPBM initially and why did you stay with it?

Penijean: My initial experience using tPBM to stimulate the peripheral nervous system was informative and useful. However, I found that the applications were limited for my interests. Eventually I moved on to interventions that focused more on the central nervous system.

In 2017, I met Dr. Lew Lim at a neurofeedback conference. Our discussion of his Vielight Neuro device reignited my interest in tPBM. At that time I had been sitting on ideas for integrating infrared stim (stimulation) into a closed loop neuromodulation design. Dr. Lim was willing to allow me to use the Vielight platform to start creating new techniques. My design concept incorporated both the tPBM and the neurofeedback protocols.

The early results from the prototype designs were very promising. Thus, tPBM has become a much more central element in my protocol design process. I found it to be an excellent and naturally fitting complement to neurofeedback.

Where do you see synergies between tPBM and neurofeedback?

Penijean: Research indicates that tPBM has potential to support synaptogenesis – the creation of new synapses. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4870908/

Neurofeedback relies on brain plasticity (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity) to help individuals learn new ways to process information and regulate stress responses. Injury or illness can reduce neural capacity to adapt in real time to the changing demands of our environment. Brains need healthy and flexible neural networks to be able to prioritize and shift attention. Furthermore, they need to have the capacity to signal the central nervous system to wind down and relax. For example, this would be useful when a busy day is over.

Helping brains develop new connections, which support better function, is an important part of neurofeedback training. In my view, tPBM can potentially support the growth of those new pathways.

Combining tPBM with Neurofeedback, have you noticed anything new that could have a strong potential for helping your clients?

Penijean: The “feedback” part of neurofeedback means that we are giving the brain information based on its own behavioral changes. Typically, this feedback consists of musical sounds or visual data displays or, perhaps, an object that physically vibrates. For the feedback to work, it needs to be sufficiently novel and stimulating to recruit the brain’s attention.

After experimenting with and designing a number of innovative feedback techniques, I created the first EEG-modulated pEMF designs. While pEMF stands for pulsed electromagnetic field therapy, EEG stands for electroencephalogram. This protocol design has tremendous therapeutic potential. At the same time, these new integrated training protocols were yielding very exciting results. However, I work with many populations that are medically fragile and have compromised systems. Therefore, not all cases were suitable for the information-dense combination of neurofeedback and pEMF.

Combining Neurofeedback and Photobiomodulation

For some individuals, integrated tPBM and neurofeedback offers the perfect balance. Thus, on the one hand, this combination provides not so much feedback that their system feels overwhelmed. On the other hand, it provides not too little feedback that would fail to effectively recruit the brain’s attention.

I adapted my designs and created the first closed loop EEG-modulated pNIR (pulsed near-infrared light) protocols. This means that the individual not only simultaneously receives both the tPBM and the neurofeedback, but the NIR pulses themselves are changing in real time based on live EEG.

The combination of neurofeedback and tPBM is like a conversation with a wise friend while sitting in the afternoon sun. You receive both, the benefits of learning new helpful things about yourself and the benefits of absorbing natural light.

TPBM is the light source that supports your brain energetically, as it builds new connections. When this happens, the neurofeedback takes advantage of this optimized learning state to help your brain develop better cognitive function.

Can you provide some examples of how you employ tPBM in your neurofeedback practice?

Penijean: The practical flexibility of tPBM in a clinical setting is one of its strengths. Whether I use tPBM as a standalone therapeutic approach or combine it with other modalities often depends on individual needs.

Some people are sufficiently responsive. Thus, for them, 5-10 minutes of tPBM by itself is enough to produce a noticeable impact. Other people are a little more resilient. For those, I may do multiple things in a session, but in a sequence instead of simultaneously.

TPBM can be an effective primer at the beginning of a session before introducing sensory grounding techniques, or heart rate variability training. By applying tPBM to the head, we can help stimulate neural activity immediately prior to a neurofeedback session.

When combining tPBM with other modalities, you are only limited by your own creativity. Therefore, I try to be as creative as appropriate. For example, I may have someone wear a pair of violet eye lenses while receiving a 40hz tPBM stimulation. This helps to create a shift in gamma activity. I can also have someone wear a pair of dark amber or orange lenses, when receiving a 10hz stimulation. This can help to support slowing down into a more alpha-wave friendly state.

I noticed that layering other inputs over tPBM can also help with state flexibility and integration. Thus, utilizing inputs like binaural beats, vibrating sensory aids, or progressive relaxation audio can be helpful.

What benefits do you see tPBM on its own and in combination with neurofeedback can provide at this stage?

Penijean: A helpful way to think about these modalities is in terms of how much of a resource demand they place on a nervous system. This can be in terms of demand on attention, arousal, processing and integration. Each technique is a different way of asking the brain to prioritize and learn from specific types of sensory information. Furthermore, different brains may respond differently to the stimuli.

Some brains learn more easily when we present information to them in simpler ways. Those people make quicker, more noticeable progress, if they receive tPBM and neurofeedback separately. This separation can be done either during different sessions, or at different times during a session.

Other brains have more capacity for integrating complex information. They seem to benefit more from the combination of neurofeedback and tPBM. Often such individuals are less medically fragile and have more physical resources to help them process more dense cognitive tasks.

Both of these approaches are beneficial. Usually, we start with the simpler approach and build up over time to more complex feedback designs.

What benefits do your clients report during and following your protocols that include tPBM?

Penijean: Clients report results across a wide spectrum. Some improvements are expected, such as better sleep, more functional attention and cognitive flexibility, and less anxiety. However, I am pleasantly surprised by how frequently clients report unanticipated benefits.

For example, one elderly woman recovered her ability to remember music that she thought she lost years ago. An executive who came to reduce his anxiety around work was very happy to discover his golf game improved significantly. Children, brought in by parents concerned about academic performance, have noticed improved visual integration, better frontal lobe inhibition, and increased social awareness. As you can see, there is a lot to learn.

As you are aware, Vielight has developed and will be launching a unique new tPBM device, the Neuro Pro. What do you think the applications of the Neuro Pro can be for neurofedback practitioners and their patients specifically?

Penijean: Being both a health and wellness practitioner and a designer of innovative ways to interact with the brain, I am limited only by two things. These things are my own creativity, and the capabilities of my tools. I am someone who tends to push devices to their limits. Therefore, I am always looking for user interfaces that allow as much customization and choice as the platform can support.

The Neuro Pro is the type of device, which will allow to design and build tPBM sessions specifically tailored to a specific individual. The capacity for programming a series of pulses based on a person’s unique EEG signatures will be unprecedented.

While not every practitioner will want to design their own protocols, the Neuro Pro will still provide the platform for all practitioners to run the protocols developed by researchers.

New Brain Modulation Techniques

When new effective brain modulation techniques emerge, they can only spread as widely as the availability of the technology. Neuro Pro will support the innovation of new tPBM protocols. At the same time it will provide the devices by which these protocols can be implemented and used.

This means that neurofeedback providers will be able to pair up more precise tPBM protocols with the customized EEG biofeedback. Techniques that have not been possible before, such as cross frequency coupling feedback timed synced with near infrared pulses, to improve neural networks, or ramping frequency delivery protocols that help the brain learn state flexibility, may become much more accessible.

What could be the applications of this device for researchers and health and wellness practitioners dealing with human brains?

Penijean: One of the critical principles of interacting with the brain in effective ways is being able to observe and, to a degree, mimic some of the complex dynamics, which make up flexible neural states. The brain habituates quickly to repetitive stimuli, because so it can prioritize its limited resources.

The Neuro Pro offers the possibility of building more sophisticated and precise tPBM protocols. These protocols could not only capture the brain’s attention better, but also could produce informational sequences, which more closely match neural patterns. Thus, this Vielight device opens potential for advanced stimulation designs that can target network behaviors with more nuance and specificity.

What else would you like to add in conclusion?

Penijean: In an increasingly tech savvy society, as we are suffering from the habitual overexposure to specific light frequencies from heavy screen use, it seems poetic to me that we may be able to help rewire these brains using other types of light. The light is information. Our bodies rely on light sources to help us regulate various systems and functions. Thus, regulating circadian rhythms, affecting our sleep cycles, our immune systems, our metabolism, and our mental health are some possibilities.

Wavelengths of light are a language. The more we learn, the better we can speak to our body in ways, which it recognizes as familiar and healing. Transcranial photobiomodulation could be an invaluable mechanism in our pursuit of improving brain’s function and wellbeing.