In this study by the University of Calgary’s biophysics lab, scientists tested two kinds of light on cancer cells grown in dishes. One was near-infrared (NIR) pulsed light from the Vielight Neuro Pro 2; the other was hyperpolarized light (HPL) from a Bioptron device.

In this lab setting, NIR light often pushed cells to use their mitochondria (the cell’s “power plants”) more and glycolysis (sugar-burning) less, and longer exposures sometimes reduced cell viability. HPL caused early shape changes in cells, and the impact on growth depended on how long the light was used.

This is not a cancer treatment—it’s a first step to understand how patterned light might influence cell metabolism.

FULL PUBLISHED STUDY LINK

Key take-aways:
PBM enhanced viability in normal cell models at 810 nm wavelength pulsing at 10 Hz.
In parallel, we observed that under the right conditions PBM reduced viability or slowed proliferation of cancer-cell models (or modulated malignant behaviour) — underscoring that PBM’s effects are not indiscriminate.
This dual-effect opens opportunities for more refined, mechanism-based light-therapy research and bridges the gap between basic cell biology and translational applications.

Why this matters:
Our broader research program is about mapping how physical stimuli (light, electromagnetic, mechanical) interact with cell biology across contexts (healthy versus disease, regeneration versus dysregulation). This paper exemplifies that breadth. By showing that PBM can both bolster healthy cells and mitigate undesirable behavior in cancer cells (under defined conditions), we add evidence that such modalities have nuanced, targeted potential — not simply “boost everything”.

What’s next:
We are expanding into multiple cell types, refining dose/wavelength/timing parameters, and exploring translational bridges (e.g., adjunct light therapy + conventional treatments). I’m excited about collaborators who are interested in exploring PBM in tissue repair, oncology adjuncts, or bioelectric/photonic modulation of cell fate.

Many thanks to co-authors, Jack Tuszynsky’s team at University of Alberta and Politecnica di Turin, Italy.

#photobiomodulation #cancer

Investigating Photobiomodulation as a Cognitive Intervention for Repetitive Head Acceleration Events

This n=44 TBI clinical study conducted by researchers from the University of Utah, Brigham Young University, and affiliated institutions explored the potential of transcranial and intranasal photobiomodulation (PBM) to improve cognitive function in individuals with a history of repetitive head acceleration events (RHAEs).

This builds on the previous n=43 published TBI clinical study by the University of Utah.

These events, often experienced in contact sports and military contexts, may not cause immediate concussions but are known to contribute cumulatively to cognitive decline and increased risk of neurodegeneration over time.

READ THE FULL PUBLISHED STUDY HERE | Published Study Link

“Football almost killed me… But Vielight saved my life.” — Dr. Larry Carr.

Study Objective

The goal was to assess whether near-infrared PBM therapy using an 810 nm LED device could produce measurable improvements in cognitive performance. This approach was motivated by the need for effective, non-invasive treatments targeting the underlying neural mechanisms affected by RHAEs.

Participant Profile

• N = 44 (90% male; mean age = 46)

• History of RHAEs averaging 12.4 years

• Participants were excluded if they had known neurological diseases or major psychiatric disorders

Intervention Protocol

Each participant received a Vielight Neuro Gamma (v3) device, which delivers near-infrared light to cortical and subcortical brain regions through both transcranial and intranasal routes:

• LEDs targeted the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, lateral parietal lobes, and midline precuneus

• An intranasal LED directed light toward orbitofrontal and olfactory-associated brain structures

• Sessions lasted 20 minutes and were conducted every other day over 8–10 weeks (mean = 29 sessions)

Cognitive Assessments

A comprehensive battery of validated neuropsychological tests was administered before and after the intervention, measuring domains including:

• Verbal learning and memory (CVLT-3)

• Executive function (D-KEFS)

• Sustained attention (CPT-3)

• Global cognition (NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery)

Key Findings

University of Utah diffusion-MRI (DTI) tractography maps show decreased inflammation-related diffusion markers with Vielight Neuro versus placebo

Group-level improvements were statistically significant across several domains:

• Verbal memory: Learning and delayed recall improved (Cohen’s d = 0.49–0.62)

• Executive function: Inhibition and cognitive switching improved (d = 0.54–0.67)

• Attention: Enhanced sustained attention and fewer omission/commission errors (d = -0.34 to -0.67)

• Fluid cognition and processing speed: Moderate-to-large effect sizes observed (d = 0.45–0.94)

Crystallized abilities such as vocabulary and reading remained stable, supporting the specificity of PBM’s effect on vulnerable cognitive functions.

Individual-Level Analysis

Reliable Change Index (RCI) calculations revealed:

• 14–36% of participants showed reliable improvement in select domains

• Improvements were most common in attention, memory, and processing speed

• Very few participants demonstrated any reliable cognitive decline

Proposed Mechanism

PBM is believed to act via mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase, leading to increased ATP production, nitric oxide release, anti-inflammatory effects, and neuroplastic adaptations. These mechanisms may underlie the observed cognitive benefits.

Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence that PBM may offer cognitive benefits for individuals exposed to repetitive neurotrauma. The observed improvements, particularly in fluid cognition and memory, suggest PBM could be a promising candidate for non-pharmacological neurorehabilitation. While further research is needed to validate these findings, this study marks an important step toward establishing PBM as a viable intervention for cognitive impairment following RHAEs.

Read the full Alzheimer’s Disease published study with the Vielight Neuro here: Link

Introduction

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains one of the most challenging and devastating neurodegenerative conditions affecting millions worldwide. Characterized by progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral changes, AD not only affects the individual but also imposes a significant burden on caregivers and healthcare systems. Despite extensive research, effective treatments for AD are still elusive. However, a promising avenue of investigation has emerged in recent years – brain photobiomodulation (PBM).

Brain PBM, also known as transcranial light therapy or low-level light therapy, involves the non-invasive application of high-power density NIR light energy through the scalp, to the brain, stimulating cellular function and promoting tissue repair. While initially explored for its potential in wound healing and pain management, researchers are increasingly investigating its therapeutic effects on neurological disorders, including AD.

Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease

Before delving into the potential of PBM in AD, it’s crucial to grasp the underlying mechanisms of the disease. AD is characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal dysfunction and eventual cell death. Additionally, oxidative stress, inflammation, and impaired mitochondrial function contribute to the progression of the disease.

The mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation

How Photobiomodulation Works against Alzheimer’s Disease

When near-infrared light energy penetrates the scalp and skull, reaching neuronal tissue – it is absorbed by mitochondria, enhancing cellular metabolism, increasing ATP production, and reducing oxidative stress and inflammation.

The therapeutic effects of PBM in AD are thought to stem from its ability to modulate various cellular processes implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease.

One key mechanism of PBM against AD is the stimulation of mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of AD and is believed to contribute to neuronal degeneration. By enhancing mitochondrial activity, PBM may help improve cellular energy production and mitigate oxidative stress, thereby protecting neurons from damage.

Besides that, by reducing oxidative stress, PBM may mitigate neuronal damage and promote cellular survival. Oxidative stress arises from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body’s ability to detoxify them, leading to cellular damage and dysfunction. PBM has been shown to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, while simultaneously reducing the production of ROS. This dual effect helps to restore redox balance within neurons, thereby protecting them from oxidative damage and promoting cellular survival. By targeting oxidative stress, PBM may offer neuroprotective benefits in AD, potentially slowing disease progression and preserving cognitive function.

PBM has also been shown to modulate inflammatory pathways, potentially attenuating neuroinflammation, which is another hallmark of AD. This anti-inflammatory effect of PBM holds significant implications for the treatment of AD, as chronic neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal damage and cognitive decline.

Furthermore, PBM has been shown to promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, processes essential for maintaining cognitive function and synaptic plasticity. By stimulating the growth of new neurons and strengthening synaptic connections, PBM may help counteract the neuronal loss and synaptic disruption characteristic of AD.

How Does NIR Light Energy Reach the Brain?

In order to deliver NIR energy to the brain through the skull, scalp and hair to trigger photobiomodulation, this requires 3 important factors:

• NIR light energy wavelengths: 810nm to 1100nm
  – optimal penetrance based on the body’s optical window.
• A form factor that bypasses hair and maximizes contact with the scalp
  – hair absorbs light energy.
  – light energy becomes weaker from distance, according to the inverse square law of light.
• Sufficiently high power density/irradiance: 100+ mW/cm²
  – sufficient power density/irradiance is required for light energy to penetrate the scalp and bone.

Clinical Evidence of PBM and Alzheimer’s Disease

Several preclinical studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of PBM in animal models of AD. For instance, a study published in Neurobiology of Aging by De Taboada et al. (2011) showed that transcranial PBM reduced beta-amyloid plaques and improved memory in a mouse model of AD.^[1] Similarly, another study by Yang et al. (2018) in Neurophotonics reported that PBM decreased tau protein hyperphosphorylation and alleviated cognitive deficits in AD mice.^[2]

Clinical Research with the Vielight Neuro Gamma

The Vielight Neuro Gamma

Clinical evidence with the Vielight Neuro suggests that PBM may offer therapeutic benefits in human patients with AD.

A pilot study conducted by Saltmarche et al. (2017) with the Vielight Neuro and published in Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease found that transcranial PBM improved cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with mild-to-moderate AD.

In 2019, Dr. Linda Chao, a professor in the Departments of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging and Psychiatry at the University of California, verified our 2015 dementia pilot trial with her own independent brain photobiomodulation dementia study with the Vielight Neuro Gamma on participants with dementia.^[2]

Eight participants diagnosed with dementia were randomized to 12 weeks of usual care or home photobiomodulation(PBM) treatments. The PBM treatments were administered at home with the Vielight Neuro Gamma, a brain photobiomodulation device that emits 100 mW/cm² of power density at 810nm and 40hz.

Several types of assessments were used:

• Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting-state functional MRI at baseline and 12 weeks.

Results:

Figure 1. ADAS-cog (A) and NPI-FS (B) scores in the PBM (blue line) and UC (red line) groups by time. Lower scores on both measures indicate better function.

After 12 weeks, there were improvements in ADAS-cog and in the NPI.

A summary measure of the individual domain scores: higher NPI-FS scores reflect more severe/more frequent dementia-related behavior.

In this study, the PBM group improved an average of -12.3 points on the NPI-FS after 6 weeks and -22.8 points after 12 weeks of treatments.

By comparison, previous pharmacological trials of donepezil reported no difference from placebo on behavioral symptoms measured by the NPI and no difference on quality of life.

Importantly, there were no adverse effects associated with the PBM treatments in this or Saltmarche et al.’s study. In contrast, many of the Food and Drug Administration approved pharmacological treatments for dementia have been associated with substantial side effect burden, such as diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and fatigue.

Figure 2 Increased cerebral perfusion with the Vielight Neuro Gamma

The third finding of this study is that cerebral perfusion (CBF) increased after 12 weeks in the PBM group compared to the UC group. This finding is consistent with previous reports of PBM-related increases in local CBF, oxygen consumption, total hemoglobin, a proxy for increased rCBF, rCBF, and increased oxygenated/decreased deoxygenated hemoglobin concentrations.

Interestingly, the PBM-related increases in perfusion were most prominent in the parietal ROIs. This may relate to the fact that the Vielight Neuro Gamma used in this study had three transcranial LED clusters over the parietal lobe and only one transcranial LED cluster over the frontal lobe. This finding may also be explained by the report that NIR light penetrates more deeply through the parietal lobe compared to the frontal lobe due to the higher power density of the rear transcranial LED modules .

Connectivity changes in the DMN have been described in populations at risk for AD as well as in patients with AD. Because decreased DMN connectivity is a common finding in resting-state connectivity studies of AD, it is significant that there was increased functional connectivity between the PCC and the LP nodes of the DMN in the PBM group after 12 weeks compared to the UC group.

There have been reports of increased functional connectivity in the DMN after pharmacological treatments in mild-to-moderate AD patients. There have also been studies that reported changes in functional connectivity after nonpharmacological intervention in patients with MCI. To our knowledge, this is the first report of functional connectivity changes in dementia patients after a nonpharmacological intervention.

Neuro RX Gamma – Phase 3 Clinical Trial

We are running a Phase 3 Alzheimer’s Clinical Trial to test the efficacy of brain photobiomodulation via the Vielight Neuro RX Gamma (Neuro Gamma) for FDA approval. This would add to our roster of Health Canada Medical Device license for the acceleration of the recovery of upper respiratory symptoms in viral infections, such as COVID-19 with the RX-Plus (X-Plus 4).

Conclusion

Alzheimer’s disease poses a significant challenge to global health, necessitating innovative approaches for treatment and management. Brain photobiomodulation represents a promising therapeutic modality that harnesses the power of light to stimulate cellular function and promote neuroprotection. While further research is warranted, the emerging evidence suggests that PBM may offer hope for individuals living with AD and their families.

In conclusion, brain photobiomodulation holds tremendous potential as a non-invasive, safe, and effective intervention for Alzheimer’s disease. By addressing underlying pathological mechanisms and promoting neuronal health, PBM may usher in a new era of treatment for this devastating condition.

References:

1. De Taboada L, et al. (2011). Transcranial laser therapy attenuates amyloid-β peptide neuropathology in amyloid-β protein precursor transgenic mice. Neurobiology of Aging, 32(1), 25-28.
2. Yang X, et al. (2018). Transcranial low-level laser therapy improves cognitive deficits and inhibits microglial activation after controlled cortical impact in mice. Neurophotonics, 5(1), 015001.
3. Saltmarche AE, et al. (2017). Significant Improvement in Cognition in Mild to Moderately Severe Dementia Cases Treated with Transcranial Plus Intranasal Photobiomodulation: Case Series Report. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 60(2), 1-13.
4. Vemuri P, Jones DT, Jack CR, Jr. Resting state functional MRI in Alzheimer’s Disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2012;4:2
5. Sole-Padulles C, Bartres-Faz D, Llado A, et al. Donepezil treatment stabilizes functional connectivity during resting state and brain activity during memory encoding in Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2013;33:199–205.
6. Goveas JS, Xie C, Ward BD, Wu Z, Li W, Franczak M. Recovery of hippocampal network connectivity correlates with cognitive improvement in mild Alzheimer’s disease patients treated with donepezil assessed by resting-state fMRi. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;34:764–773.
7. Li W, Antuono PG, Xie C, et al. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity in the cholinergic pathway associated with cognitive performance in subjects with mild Alzheimer’s disease after 12-week donepezil treatment. Neuroimage 2012;60:1083–1091.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, located in the midbrain section, which controls movement. This leads to motor and non-motor symptoms.

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach for neuroprotection in PD. This article reviews the underlying mechanisms of PBM and its potential application in PD therapy, based on preclinical and clinical evidence.

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, the first being Alzheimer’s disease. While the direct causes of PD remains unknown, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are thought to contribute to the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current treatments provide symptomatic relief but do not halt disease progression.

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) offers a novel therapeutic strategy by harnessing the well-researchedneuroprotective properties of NIR light energy to mitigate pathological processes implicated in PD.

Clinical Research for Parkinsons Study the Vielight Neuro Gamma

The Vielight Neuro Gamma

In an independent Parkinson’s study by Dr. Ann Liebert et al, from the University of Sydney, the Vielight Neuro Gamma was utilized for transcranial-intranasal brain photobiomodulation and produced statistically significant clinical results.

Methods: Twelve participants diagnosed with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) were enlisted for the study. Random selection was employed, with six participants assigned to undergo 12 weeks of transcranial, intranasal, neck, and abdominal photobiomodulation (PBM) treatment. The remaining six participants were placed on a waitlist for 14 weeks before initiating the same treatment. Following the 12-week treatment period, all participants were provided with PBM devices for continued home treatment. Assessments of mobility, fine motor skills, balance, and cognition were conducted at baseline, after 4 weeks of treatment, after 12 weeks of treatment, and at the conclusion of the home treatment period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test with a significance level set at 5%.

Results: Significant improvements (p < 0.05) in measures of mobility, cognition, dynamic balance, and fine motor skills were observed with 12 weeks of PBM treatment, persisting for up to one year. Many individual improvements exceeded the threshold deemed clinically meaningful for participants, with variations in the extent of improvement. Notably, improvements were sustained for up to one year with continued home treatment, indicating a sustained treatment effect. A minor Hawthorne Effect was observed, which was below the treatment effect, and no adverse side effects of the treatment were noted.

Figure 3 – Heatmap of Parkinsons Photobiomodulation Clinical Results – University of Sydney

PBM emerged as a safe and potentially effective intervention for addressing various clinical manifestations of PD. The observed improvements were sustained as long as the treatment was continued, even in a neurodegenerative condition where deterioration is typically expected. Home-based PD treatment, either self-administered or assisted by a caregiver, may present a viable therapeutic option. These findings underscore the necessity for a large-scale randomized controlled trial (RCT) to further validate the efficacy of PBM in PD management.

Challenges and Future Directions

Despite the encouraging results, several challenges need to be addressed for the widespread adoption of PBM in PD therapy. Standardization of treatment protocols, optimization of light parameters, and identification of patient-specific factors influencing treatment response are essential. Long-term studies are warranted to assess the durability of PBM effects and its potential as a disease-modifying therapy in PD.

Conclusion

Brain photobiomodulation represents a novel and promising approach for neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease. By targeting underlying pathological processes such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, PBM has the potential to slow disease progression and improve quality of life for PD patients. Continued research efforts are needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PBM and optimize its therapeutic application in PD management.

References

1. Hamblin, M. R. (2016). Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, 6, 113-124.
2. Moro, C., Torres, N., El Massri, N., Ratel, D., Johnstone, D. M., Stone, J., & Benabid, A. L. (2014). Photobiomodulation preserves behaviour and midbrain dopaminergic cells from MPTP toxicity: Evidence from two mouse strains. BMC Neuroscience, 15(1), 89.
3. Salehpour, F., Mahmoudi, J., Kamari, F., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Rasta, S. H., & Hamblin, M. R. (2018). Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy: a Narrative Review. Molecular Neurobiology, 55(8), 6601-6636.
4. Unal, O., & Tuncer, S. (2019). The effect of transcranial photobiomodulation on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 37(5), 271-277.
5. Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y. PMID: 34215216; PMCID: PMC8249215.

Mechanisms of Brain Photobiomodulation

Mechanisms of brain photobiomodulation

PBM involves the application of low-level light, typically in the red to near-infrared spectrum, to stimulate cellular function. Light energy is absorbed by mitochondria, leading to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and upregulation of cellular metabolism. PBM also modulates oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defenses and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Furthermore, PBM exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting microglial polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. These mechanisms collectively contribute to neuroprotection and neuroplasticity, making PBM a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases like PD.

Preclinical Evidence

Animal models of PD treated with PBM have shown improvements in motor function and preservation of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Studies have demonstrated reduced neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and alpha-synuclein aggregation following PBM treatment. Moreover, PBM enhances neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, suggesting its potential to restore neuronal circuitry in PD.

The Vielight Neuro Gamma was utilized in a study examining the link between creativity and brain photobiomodulation, specifically of the Default Mode Network.

This groundbreaking study had 58 healthy participants and was sham-controlled, single-blinded and randomized. Researchers from the University of Deusto, Spain, the University of Montpellier, France and Pennsylvania State University, USA were involved in this study.

The Vielight Neuro Gamma was chosen for this study because it concentrates 810nm NIR light energy into the brain’s Default Mode Network , which is directly linked to creativity and various other important cognitive tasks. The Vielight Neuro generates a transcranial surface power density of 150-200 mW/cm² and an intranasal power density of 50 mW/cm² – the highest in the industry.

Full study here: Link

Dynamic Subcortical Modulators of Human Default Mode Network Function, Ben J. Harrison, Christopher G. Davey, Hannah S. Savage, bioRxiv 2021.10.27.466172

Creativity and the Default Mode Network

The Default Mode Network (DMN) has been identified as a key neural network associated with creativity.

Studies exploring the relationship between the DMN and creativity have yielded compelling results. One study conducted by Beaty and colleagues (2014) used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain activity during creative idea generation. They found that individuals who exhibited stronger connectivity within the DMN produced more original and innovative ideas.

Another study by Ellamil et al. (2012) explored the role of the DMN in creativity by examining brain activity during a creative thinking task. The researchers discovered that during idea generation, the DMN was more active, suggesting its involvement in facilitating the creative process.

Material and Methods

Participants

58 healthy volunteers, above 18 years old, were recruited from the general population (mainly from the university but also from the general population through social media advertising).

The study obtained the ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee.

Design and Procedure

This study consisted of a single session.

The participants were randomly assigned to one of the two groups (n = 29 in each group):

• Real brain PBM with the Vielight Neuro Gamma
• Sham

Results suggest that participants were not able to guess between real and sham conditions [χ2 (1, N = 57) = 3.69, p = .158].

At the start, participants had:

• 2 min 45 s to complete the Remote Associates Test (RAT)
• 2 min for Unusual Uses (UU) and Picture Completion (PC) subtests

After 20 min of  brain PBM with the Vielight Neuro Gamma, the participants completed:

• Parallel versions of RAT, UU and PC in a counterbalanced order.

Figure 1. Study design

What are the RAT, UU and PC tests?

The RAT, UU and PC tests are part of the The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). These are a standardized series of assessments designed to measure creativity in individuals.

• Remote Associates Test (RAT) is a creativity test used to determine a human’s creative potential.
  Each question on the RAT test lists a group of words, and requires that we provide a single extra word that will link all the others together.

Example:
Square / Cardboard / Open – BOX
Broken / Clear / Eye – GLASS
Coin / Quick / Spoon – SILVER
Time / Hair / Stretch – LONG
Aid / Rubber / Wagon – BAND

• Unusual Uses (UU) – This subtest involves presenting the individual with a common object, and asking them to think of as many unusual uses for that object as possible. It measures the individual’s flexibility of thought, their ability to think divergently, and to see beyond conventional uses or constraints.
• Picture Completion (PC) – For this subtest, the examinee is given several incomplete pictures or cues, and they are asked to complete these in the most imaginative way possible.

Divergent Thinking (DT) and Convergent Thinking (CT) Scores

For this creativity and brain photobiomodulation study:

• DT composite score was created based on fluency, originality, and flexibility scores from UU and PC.
• CT score was based on the RAT test.

Results

Baseline Characteristics:

At baseline, there were no significant differences observed between the real and sham groups in any of the variables, which included age, sex, years of education, and handedness.

The mean age of the general sample was 28.31 years (standard deviation = 11.21), and the average number of completed years of education was 14.74 (standard deviation = 2.69). Among the general sample, 46.6% were male, and 53.4% were female.

Effects of Neuro Gamma on DT and CT Scores:

The total DT and CT scores at baseline and post-treatment are displayed in Table 2.

ANCOVA results (post-treatment comparisons controlling for baseline scores) are shown in Table 3.

Change score distributions in verbal DT (UU), visual DT (PC), and total DT are shown in Figure 3.

• The results revealed significant differences between both groups in verbal DT (total UU) with a medium effect size (n²p = 0.10), indicating higher performance after tPBM compared to sham.
• The visual DT (total PC) score was also significant, suggesting that tPBM produced higher performance than the sham group, demonstrating a large effect size (n²p = 0.14).
• Lastly, the total DT score was significantly higher after tPBM compared to sham, displaying a large effect size (n²p = 0.24).

Effects of tPBM on DT Subdomains:

• Regarding verbal DT subdomains, the results suggest that the originality dimension was significantly higher after tPBM compared to sham (see Table 4), indicating a large effect size (n²p = 0.15).
• The effects on PC showed significant differences in fluency, with a medium effect size (n²p = 0.13).
• In terms of the percentage of original responses, there was a significantly higher percentage of original responses in UU (F = 5.90, p = .018) after tPBM (Marginal mean = 75.23, Standard Error = 3.73).

Discussion

The study aimed to examine the impact of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) on the default mode network (DMN) in healthy individuals and its effect on creative thinking, specifically divergent thinking (DT), while also exploring the role of anxiety in this relationship. The results supported the hypothesis that tPBM of the DMN improves DT without influencing anxiety levels.

The tPBM treatment significantly enhanced verbal and visual DT, particularly in the dimensions of originality and fluency. These findings align with previous neuroimaging studies linking the DMN to DT. The DMN is associated with cognitive processes like mind wandering and episodic memory, which have been linked to creativity.

However, the relationship between mind wandering and DT is not consistently supported, as negative rumination and mind wandering during idea generation may hinder creativity. Although this study did not assess mind wandering, future research could explore whether tPBM’s effect on DT is partially mediated by mind wandering.

The role of episodic memory in creativity and its connection to the default mode network (DMN) is explored in this passage. The idea generation process in divergent thinking (DT) tasks is suggested to involve the flexible retrieval of specific episodic details. The DMN plays a potential role in this process by facilitating the generation of unique and novel ideas while inhibiting mundane ones.

The study presented in Table 4 compares the effects of transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) and sham stimulation on different subdomains of DT. Results indicate that tPBM over the DMN significantly enhances verbal and visual DT, particularly in the dimensions of originality and fluency. The DMN’s involvement in DT is consistent with previous research, although creativity also relies on the synchronization between the DMN and other brain networks such as the executive control network and salience network.

The study did not find a significant effect of tPBM on convergent thinking (CT), which further supports the specific role of the DMN in the idea generation phase of creativity. It is suggested that tPBM may facilitate the transition from mind-wandering (DMN) to focused attention (salience and executive control networks), potentially explaining the improvement in DT tasks. Previous studies on tES and tPBM have demonstrated changes in functional connectivity and power levels in specific brain regions associated with creativity.

The lack of adverse effects and the broader stimulation of the DMN are advantages of tPBM compared to tES. However, limitations of the study include the limited time for DT tasks, the inclusion of compound items in the RAT measure, and the immediate assessment after stimulation. Future research should address these limitations, explore the mediating effects of other cognitive functions, and incorporate neuroimaging techniques to examine the neurophysiological effects of tPBM.

The study’s findings contribute to the growing body of research on tPBM’s cognitive effects and its potential applications in various cognitive and behavioral domains.

Is the 810 nm or 1064 nm (1070 nm) wavelength better?

Across all age groups, the 810nm wavelength has shown to have a deeper and stronger energy disposition than 1064 nm (1070 nm) in a dosimetry study by Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and several other universities. Even though 1064 nm (1070 nm) scatters less, it is absorbed more by water molecules, which are abundant in human tissue, especially the brain (70-80% water).

In terms of cellular effects, 810 nm has a stronger effect on mitochondria because photonic absorption by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) peaks around 810nm and declines as the wavelength gets longer. Direct CCO photoexcitation is weaker at 1064 nm and 1070 nm compared to 810 nm because they are off-peak for mitochondria’s CCO absorption, which peaks around 810 nm.

On the other hand, 1064 nm (1070 nm) has a stronger effect on calcium ion channels, which 810 nm does not have a strong effect on.

The rest of this article, complete with science references, expands more on the differences, covering well-studied biophysics-based biological effects.

Does 810 nm or 1064 nm (1070nm) penetrate deeper into the brain?

According to a transcranial brain photobiomodulation (PBM) study by Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, the 810nm wavelength has been found to be superior to other wavelengths, which includes higher wavelengths in the 1070nm range for penetration and dosimetry.

According to this study by Harvard Medical School, the order of penetration and dosimetry effectiveness is:

1. 810 nm – consistently highest across all age groups and regions

2. 850 nm and 1064 nm – next most effective in most cases

3. 670 nm and 980 nm – lesser deposition overall

This Harvard study is also supported by another brain PBM dosimetry study by leading Chinese universities, comparing 660 nm, 810 nm, 880 nm and 1064 nm. They discovered that the distribution of photon fluence at 660 and 810 nm within the brain was much wider and deeper than 980 and 1064 nm.

The distribution of photon fluence at 660 nm, 810 nm, 980 nm and 1064 nm. Wang P, Li T. “Which wavelength is optimal for transcranial low-level laser stimulation?” J. Biophotonics. 2019; 12:e201800173. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800173

The differences in dosimetry are supported by a well-established biological principle, the body’s first optical window. While, the 1064 and 1070nm wavelengths are longer and scatter less, they are more strongly absorbed by water, which is abundant in biological tissues, especially the human. The brain consists of 70-80% water, and floats in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) while the rest of the human body is approximately 60% water. This makes wavelengths like 1064 nm and 1070 nm particularly susceptible to water absorption within the brain.

This increased absorption by water can lead to reduced photonic availability and tissue penetration despite the longer wavelength, which the Harvard Medical study and Peking Medical University study reveal. These studies indicate that 810nm has a higher dosimetry than 1064 nm and by extension, 1070 nm.

The near infrared window or body’s optical window. Image source: Wang, Erica & Kaur, Ramanjot & Fierro, Manuel & Austin, Evan & Jones, Linda & Jagdeo, Jared. (2019). Safety and penetration of light into the brain. 10.1016/B978-0-12-815305-5.00005-1.

• Water Absorption: Light absorption by water increases significantly beyond ~950 nm, and water is abundant in biological tissue. At 1064 nm, absorption by water becomes substantial, which attenuates the light more than at 810 nm. This increased absorption reduces the effective depth of penetration, especially for energy reaching specific chromophores like cytochrome c oxidase (CCO).
• Cytochrome c Oxidase (CCO) Absorption: Mitochondria’s CCO’s absorption spectrum peaks around 810 nm, with a notable decrease in absorption beyond 1000 nm. This means that 810 nm light is more readily absorbed by CCO compared to 1070 nm.

Visual Proof: Near-Infrared Light Penetrating the Skull with Vielight Neuro 4

The Vielight Neuro delivers the deepest tissue penetration among brain photobiomodulation devices. In the demonstration video below with the Vielight Neuro, 810 nm near-infrared light—emitted at an irradiance of 250 mW/cm²—can be clearly seen penetrating through the calvaria of a real human skull. This highlights the exceptional transcranial performance of the Vielight Neuro and validates the wavelength’s well-documented ability to reach cortical tissue.

The Vielight Neuro features proprietary Vie-LED technology—highly specialized, custom-engineered LEDs designed to deliver optimal irradiance for brain stimulation without producing excess heat. To ensure safety and efficiency, we’ve intentionally limited the device’s power density to 50% of its maximum potential output. Even still, it features the highest irradiance in the field of brain photobiomodulation according to independent 3rd party tests.

Differences in cellular effects between 810nm and 1070nm

810nm has a stronger effect on mitochondria, cytochrome C oxidase (CCO)

The 810nm wavelength is well-known for its strong interaction with cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), a key enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. By enhancing the activity of CCO, the 810nm wavelength increases ATP production, reduces oxidative stress, and modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS). These effects are crucial for cellular energy metabolism, neuroprotection, and the promotion of cell survival​.

1064 nm and 1070nm has a stronger effect on heat-sensitive ion channels

On the other hand, wavelengths beyond 900nm, such as the 1064nm and 1070nm wavelengths have a weaker effect on mitochondrial CCO but a more direct effect on heat-sensitive ion channels, due to its potential to cause localized heating. Activation of these channels can lead to increased calcium influx, which is crucial for various cellular processes, including neurotransmitter release, gene expression, and neurogenesis.

The effects of red to NIR light energy on mitochondria Ref: Original: “Basic Photomedicine”, Ying-Ying Huang, Pawel Mroz and Michael R. Hamblin, Harvard Medical School. Current design: Vielight In

Mitochondrial Activation

• 810nm Wavelength:

The 810nm wavelength is particularly effective in targeting cytochrome c oxidase, which is a critical component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This wavelength is more efficiently absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase, leading to a robust activation of the mitochondrial respiration process. As a result, there is an increase in ATP production, which supplies energy to cells and supports various cellular functions. The 810nm wavelength is especially effective in reaching superficial and cortical brain regions, promoting enhanced cellular metabolism and function in these areas.^[2]

• 1064 nm and 1070nm Wavelengths:

The 1064 nm and 1070 nm wavelengths, while still within the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum, does not interact with cytochrome c oxidase as effectively as the 810nm wavelength. The absorption by mitochondrial chromophores decreases significantly as the wavelength increases beyond 810nm.^[5] Consequently, the 1070nm wavelength has a reduced effect on mitochondrial activation when compared to 810nm. Instead, the 1070nm wavelength might exert its effects through other mechanisms, such as potential thermal effects and heat/light ion gated channels.

Neurogenesis

• 810 nm Wavelength:

At the cellular level, the 810nm wavelength has shown considerable efficacy in promoting cortical neurogenesis—the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain. This wavelength is also known for its anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce neuroinflammation and support the brain’s healing processes. The 810nm wavelength is well-suited for applications targeting the outer layers of the brain, where it can stimulate cellular repair mechanisms, reduce oxidative stress, and promote overall Brain wellness.

Flowchart of Differences in Cellular Mechanisms:

• 1064/1070 nm → water-mediated microheating → TRP gating/membrane-capacitance effects → Ca²⁺ influx.

• 810 nm → CCO-mediated mitochondrial signaling → downstream Ca²⁺ effects.

Why mitochondria absorbs 810 nm more than 1064 nm (1070nm)

1. Spectral absorption properties of cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) within mitochondria

• Cytochrome c oxidase within mitochondria has distinct absorption bands in the visible red (~660 nm) and near-infrared (810 nm) regions. Studies consistently show that absorption drops off as you shift to longer NIR wavelengths around the 1000 nm range like 1064 nm (1070nm).

• The absorption bands of CCO become much weaker at wavelengths greater than 900 nm, which suggests that alternative chromophores must exist significantly.

2. Reduced photon availability at 1064 nm (1070 nm)

• At ~1064 nm (1070nm), water (the dominant tissue component) is absorbed significantly versus 810 nm. This leads to greater attenuation (loss) of photons before they can reach and excite CCO.

Why calcium ion channels absorb more 1064 nm (1070nm) versus 810 nm

Calcium channels themselves don’t meaningfully “absorb” 1064 nm light. What happens at ~1064–1070 nm is mainly photothermal coupling – water is absorbed significantly at longer NIR wavelengths (> 1000 nm), producing tiny, rapid temperature rises that gate heat-sensitive TRP calcium channels (e.g., TRPV1/2/4) and/or change membrane capacitance, which in turn drives Ca²⁺ influx.

By contrast, 810 nm couples primarily to cytochrome-c-oxidase (CCO) with much weaker water heating, so Ca²⁺ effects there are usually downstream of mitochondrial signaling, not direct channel gating.

Research validation of 810nm LEDs vs lasers

A recent study on vascular hemodynamics and cytochrome c oxidase redox activity (not on the brain, but on arms) by the Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington examined the effects of different wavelengths within this range with

• Lasers (800-1064nm | 250 mW/cm² )
• 810nm LED (135 mW/cm²)

Results

• The 810 nm LED was able to create significant stimulations on vascular hemodynamic oxygenation and CCO redox metabolism despite the LED having a lower irradiance (≈135 mW/cm²)
• The dose-dependent trajectory by the 810 nm LED was similar to that by the 800 nm laser.
• The LED-triggered increases in Δ[oxCCO] remained at the elevated level without a returning tendency at least during the 5 min post-PBM period. In contrast, the increased Δ[oxCCO] by the 1064 nm laser started returning to the baseline immediately after the cease of the laser.

These findings are encouraging for us – our Vielight Neuro’s rear 810nm LED transcranial diodes generate ≈200-300 mW/cm², which surpasses the power density of ≈135 mW/cm² used in the study. It underscores our commitment to fewer well-placed but sufficiently powerful diodes vs many weaker diodes.

An important takeaway is the importance of irradiance values (mW/cm² ) in this study.

Wavelength alone isn’t enough – irradiance matters.

Irradiance—also referred to as power density or light intensity – is a measure of how much light energy reaches a surface per unit area, typically expressed in milliwatts per square centimeter (mW/cm²). In photobiomodulation (PBM), including brain PBM, irradiance determines how much photonic power is delivered to the tissue.

While using an effective wavelength (such as 810 nm, 1064 nm, or 1070 nm) is essential for targeting chromophores like cytochrome c oxidase, the biological response and penetration depth depends just as much on irradiance. Without sufficient power density, even the correct wavelength may fail to penetrate tissue effectively or trigger meaningful cellular effects. Low irradiance can result in sub-therapeutic penetration and doses, while excessively high irradiance may lead to phototoxicity or energy wastage.

In a published review study of over 2133 brain photobiomodulation studies, from which 97 studies were included, the average irradiance or power density was around 250 mW/cm²

As a point of comparison, the average surface irradiance of near-infrared (NIR) light in natural sunlight is approximately 45 mW/cm² – a helpful benchmark when evaluating PBM device output.

In short, optimal photobiomodulation requires both the right wavelength and the right irradiance to reach the target tissue and activate mitochondrial responses.

Key Concepts:

• The NIR spectrum of sunlight has an average irradiance or surface power density of 45 mW/cm²
• Afternoon sunlight is free. To provide a meaningful therapeutic advantage, brain photobiomodulation devices must deliver higher irradiance levels than the NIR range in sunlight, ensuring benefits beyond what can be achieved through standard sunlight exposure.
• Sunlight contains harmful UV rays within 100-400nm range. Brain photobiomodulation devices only emit beneficial light energy within the 810-1100nm range.

Number of published clinical studies

Vielight technology is featured in the most published research by a significant margin for the reasons above.

Be cautious of companies attributing research conducted with Vielight devices or other devices as attainable to their own.

Brain photobiomodulation is parameter-specific and our Vie-LED technology generates a unique laser-like profile and an industry-leading irradiance.

The table below is a benchmark studies published comparison against other random PBM helmets.

Conclusion

Both 810 nm and 1070 nm wavelengths are widely used in brain photobiomodulation (PBM), and emerging evidence suggests each has distinct advantages depending on the clinical context. Numerous independent studies have focused on 810 nm, with consistent positive outcomes in mitochondrial activation, neuroprotection, and cognitive benefits. In contrast, research using the 1070 nm range—such as 1064 or 1070 nm—though less abundant, shows similar therapeutic potential and quality when conducted.

Vielight’s selection of 810 nm is rooted in its lower absorption by hemoglobin and water, enabling deeper and more efficient penetration through scalp, skull, and brain tissue than higher wavelengths like 1070 nm. Recent peer-reviewed comparisons—including work by Harvard Medical School—confirm that 810 nm reaches deeper brain structures under comparable power density conditions.

While 1064 nm and 1070 nm may offer slightly better photon scattering properties for deep tissue delivery, especially in neurological conditions, mitochondrial stimulation efficacy tends to be stronger with 810 nm, owing to its specific absorption by cytochrome c oxidase and related chromophores. That means while both wavelengths are effective, 810 nm is often seen as optimal for combining depth with bioenergetic stimulation, whereas 1064 nm 1070 nm is a reasonable alternative for the effects on calcium ions.

However, both 810 nm and 1070 nm wavelengths require strong irradiance levels to achieve therapeutic efficacy, particularly when targeting brain tissue. This is because transcranial photobiomodulation must overcome several biological barriers—including the scalp, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid—before sufficient light can reach neuronal structures. Higher irradiance (measured in mW/cm²) ensures that enough photons penetrate these layers and maintain adequate energy density at depth to activate key chromophores such as cytochrome c oxidase. Without sufficient irradiance, even an optimally chosen wavelength may fail to deliver meaningful biological effects.