Longevity Anti-Aging Technology for the Elderly – Vielight Inc https://www.vielight.com Advancing brain photobiomodulation technology. Fri, 05 Sep 2025 15:05:10 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.8.3 https://www.vielight.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/cropped-Vielight-Favicon-General-1-32x32.webp Longevity Anti-Aging Technology for the Elderly – Vielight Inc https://www.vielight.com 32 32 Are Neurons extra sensitive to light energy? https://www.vielight.com/blog/neurons-light-sensitivity-photobiomodulation-insights/ Fri, 30 May 2025 14:27:13 +0000 https://www.vielight.com/?p=48522

Are Neurons Extra Sensitive to Light Energy?

The idea that light can influence the brain isn’t science fiction, it’s science. In recent years, the field of photobiomodulation (PBM) has uncovered how light energy, particularly in the red and near-infrared spectrum, can interact with our cells in surprisingly therapeutic ways. But are neurons, our brain’s most vital and complex cells, especially sensitive to this kind of energy?

What is Photobiomodulation?

Photobiomodulation refers to the use of specific wavelengths of light to stimulate cellular function, most notably through mitochondrial mechanisms. The most common wavelengths used are in the red (600–700 nm) and near-infrared (760–1100 nm) range. These wavelengths penetrate biological tissues and are absorbed by intracellular photoreceptors, particularly cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) in mitochondria, leading to increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, and changes in gene expression [1].

Why Neurons Might Be More Sensitive

Neurons are highly metabolically active and rely heavily on mitochondrial function. Since they are post-mitotic and do not easily regenerate, their health is tightly linked to mitochondrial performance. This may explain why they respond especially well to light stimulation.

  • High mitochondrial density: Neurons have a large number of mitochondria to support their energy needs, especially in synapses [2].
  • Vulnerability to oxidative stress: The brain uses about 20% of the body’s oxygen but comprises only ~2% of its mass. PBM’s ability to regulate redox balance offers potential neuroprotection [3].
  • Modulation of neuroinflammation: Light energy has been shown to reduce inflammatory markers and glial activity, both of which affect neuron health [4].

Supporting Evidence

1. Improved Cognitive Function

A randomized controlled trial found that near-infrared PBM applied to the prefrontal cortex improved attention and memory in healthy adults [5].

2. Neuroprotection After Injury

In rodent models of traumatic brain injury, PBM preserved neurons, reduced glial scarring, and stimulated regeneration [6].

3. Functional Imaging Studies

EEG and fMRI studies have shown increased brain activity and connectivity after PBM, suggesting direct effects on neural networks [7].

4. Applications in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Early human studies indicate benefits for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patients, including improved mood, memory, and sleep [8].

Can Light Really Reach the Brain?

The human skull filters out much light, but near-infrared wavelengths, especially in the 810–1070 nm range, can penetrate to the cortex. Studies estimate that enough light reaches cortical tissue to stimulate a biological response, especially when higher-power or pulsed devices are used [9].

Visual Proof: Near-Infrared Light Penetrating the Skull with Vielight Neuro 4

The Vielight Neuro has the deepest penetration in the brain photobiomodulation field. The demonstration video below with a real human skull and the Vielight Neuro clearly demonstrates 810nm light energy with an irradiance of 250 mW/cm2 clearly passing through the skull’s calvaria.

The Vielight Neuro features proprietary Vie-LED technology—highly specialized, custom-engineered LEDs designed to deliver optimal irradiance for brain stimulation without producing excess heat. To ensure safety and efficiency, we’ve intentionally limited the device’s power density to 50% of its maximum potential output. Even still, it features the highest irradiance in the field of brain photobiomodulation according to independent 3rd party tests.

Conclusion

So, are neurons extra sensitive to light energy? Current research strongly suggests yes. Due to their high energy demands and mitochondrial density, neurons are well-positioned to benefit from photobiomodulation. Whether enhancing cognitive performance, protecting against injury, or slowing neurodegeneration, PBM appears to offer a non-invasive, promising method to support Brain wellness.

References

  1. Hamblin, M.R. (2016). Shining light on the head: Photobiomodulation for brain disorders. BBA Clinical, 6, 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.09.002
  2. Attwell, D., & Laughlin, S.B. (2001). An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 21(10), 1133–1145. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001
  3. Sies, H. (2015). Oxidative stress: A concept in redox biology and medicine. Redox Biology, 4, 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.002
  4. Salehpour, F., et al. (2018). Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy: A Novel Method for Neuroenhancement. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, 183, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.007
  5. Barrett, D.W., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2013). Transcranial infrared laser stimulation produces beneficial cognitive and emotional effects in humans. Neuroscience, 230, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.016
  6. Xuan, W., et al. (2014). Transcranial low-level laser therapy improves neurological performance in traumatic brain injury in mice. PLOS ONE, 9(1), e86264. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086264
  7. Tian, F., et al. (2016). Transcranial laser stimulation improves human cerebral oxygenation. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine, 48(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/lsm.22470
  8. Chao, L.L. (2019). Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function in Dementia. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports, 3(1), 241–255. https://doi.org/10.3233/ADR-190135
  9. https://www.vielight.com/blog/irradiance-the-key-to-effective-brain-photobiomodulation/

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]]> Longevity Anti-Aging Technology for the Elderly Archives - Vielight Inc nonadult Research on Microtubulin with Vielight technology | Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease https://www.vielight.com/blog/vielight-photobiomodulation-and-microtubulin-implications-for-alzheimers-disease/ Thu, 08 Aug 2024 20:14:54 +0000 https://www.vielight.com/?p=40134

The effects of 810nm energy from the Vielight Neuro on microtubulin

This new groundbreaking study with Vielight technology conducted in partnership with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Turin and the University of Alberta explores the effects of 810nm NIR energy on crucial cellular structures known as tubulin.

Healthy cellular function and structure are intrinsically linked to the integrity of tubulins. Tubulins are proteins found in all eukaryotic cells and play a critical role in their structure and function. Eukaryotic cells typically contain 3–4% tubulin. Notably, however, mammalian brain tissue is particularly rich in tubulin content, consisting of 10% or more of the total protein content.

Tubulin, crucial in Alzheimer’s pathology, was studied for PBM’s effects using Raman spectroscopy. Tubulin samples exposed to pulsed NIR radiation with Vielight LED technology (810 nm, 10 Hz, 22.5 J/cm²) revealed significant changes in protein structures.

Using this validated imaging method, statistically significant alterations in the secondary structures of polymerized NIR-exposed tubulin were observed, characterized by a notable decrease in α-helix content and a concurrent increase in β-sheets compared to the control samples.

This newly discovered mechanism with Vielight technology could have implications for reducing the risks associated with brain aging, including neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, through the introduction of an intervention following this transition. and potential for brain aging intervention.

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]]> Safeguarding Your Brain’s Mitochondria: A Defense Against Alzheimer’s https://www.vielight.com/blog/safeguarding-your-brains-mitochondria-a-defense-against-alzheimers/ Mon, 11 Sep 2023 07:38:51 +0000 https://www.vielight.com/?p=33466

Middle school biology imparts a well-remembered fact: mitochondria are the cellular powerhouses responsible for energy production. But recent scientific findings suggest that mitochondria may also hold the key to preserving our memories and combating Alzheimer’s disease. This article explores the emerging role of mitochondria in Alzheimer’s disease, highlighting scientific research and offering insights into maintaining mitochondrial health for brain well-being.

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Mitochondria and Alzheimer’s Disease

  1. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Scientific studies have increasingly pointed to damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria as a contributing factor to the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Healthy mitochondria are now seen as crucial for staving off cognitive decline [1].
  2. A New Target: This discovery provides hope for the 10% to 20% of individuals who will face an Alzheimer’s diagnosis during their lifetime, as it opens up a fresh avenue of research for scientists seeking treatments and prevention strategies [1].

The History of Alzheimer’s Research

  1. Repeated Failures: Despite over 100 years and $3.7 billion invested in Alzheimer’s research in the United States alone, there is still no cure. Historically, research has focused on beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles as potential culprits, but treatments targeting these have repeatedly failed in clinical trials [2].
  2. Ongoing Challenges: Even the most recent amyloid-targeting drug, Leqembi, which received full FDA approval, falls short of expectations, with potential risks and only marginal cognitive benefits [2].

The Mitochondrial Connection

  1. Plaques and Tangles: Many scientists now suspect that beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles may be downstream symptoms rather than the root cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Instead, they are turning their attention to mitochondrial health as a potential upstream contributor [2].
  2. The Role of Mitochondria: Mitochondria are essential for converting food into energy and play key roles in calcium storage, cellular quality control, and heat generation. When mitochondria weaken, they produce less ATP (adenosine triphosphate), mismanage calcium ions, generate harmful reactive oxygen species, and struggle to regenerate effectively [3].

Mitochondrial Health for Brain Wellness:

  1. Exercise and Mitochondrial Health: Regular exercise, particularly endurance training, has been shown to enhance mitochondrial activity and protect against brain atrophy. Studies with Alzheimer’s patients reveal improvements in blood flow, hippocampal thickness, neuron growth, and cognitive performance [3].
  2. Monitoring Mitochondrial Fitness: The best metric for assessing mitochondrial fitness is VO2 max, representing the body’s maximum oxygen utilization during exercise. Fitness wearables like Fitbit and Apple Watch often provide indirect VO2 max estimates, referred to as the “cardio fitness level” [3].
  3. Antioxidant-Rich Diet: Mitochondrial health also benefits from an antioxidant-rich diet filled with plant-based foods like blueberries, red beans, tomatoes, spinach, artichokes, and green tea. Calorie restriction and ketogenic diets have shown potential protective effects [3].
  4. Stress Management: Chronic stress, anxiety, low social status, aggression, social defeat, and fear have been linked to mitochondrial damage in animal studies. Stress management is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial health [3].
  5. Brain photobiomodulation: A therapeutic approach utilizing low-level light therapy, has shown promise in promoting neuronal mitochondrial health. Studies have demonstrated that near-infrared light therapy can enhance mitochondrial function by increasing the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of cells, and improving mitochondrial respiration efficiency [4]. This process is thought to reduce oxidative stress and support the overall health of neurons, which is crucial in neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease [5]. Additionally, photobiomodulation has been linked to increased neuronal survival and neuroprotective effects through mitochondrial signaling pathways [6]. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved, these findings suggest that brain photobiomodulation holds potential as a non-invasive approach to bolstering neuronal mitochondrial health.

Conclusion

While adhering to these recommendations does not guarantee immunity from Alzheimer’s disease, the growing recognition of the role played by mitochondria offers valuable insights to researchers working towards finding effective treatments and preventive measures for this devastating condition.

References:

  1. Swerdlow, R. H. (2018). Mitochondria and Mitochondrial Cascades in Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 62(3), 1403-1416.
  2. Cummings, J. L., & Tong, G. (2019). Trials of Disease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of the Influence of Patient Population and Cognitive Testing. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 15(6), 751-757.
  3. Mattson, M. P., & Arumugam, T. V. (2018). Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States. Cell Metabolism, 27(6), 1176-1199.
  4. Johnstone, D. M., el Massri, N., Moro, C., Spana, S., Wang, X. S., & Torres, N. (2014). Indirect application of near infrared light induces neuroprotection in a mouse model of parkinsonism—An abscopal neuroprotective effect. Neuroscience, 274, 93-101.
  5. Poyton, R. O., Ball, K. A., & Castello, P. R. (2009). Mitochondrial generation of free radicals and hypoxic signaling. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 20(7), 332-340.
  6. Rojas, J. C., Bruchey, A. K., & Gonzalez-Lima, F. (2012). Low-level light therapy improves cortical metabolic capacity and memory retention. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 32(3), 741-752.

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]]> Vielight Neuro - Dementia and Brain Photobiomodulation Research nonadult Elderly Cognitive Decline and Brain Photobiomodulation https://www.vielight.com/blog/elderly-cognitive-decline-and-brain-photobiomodulation/ Mon, 23 May 2022 04:19:45 +0000 https://www.vielight.com/?p=24408
  1. A growing problem facing the elderly – age-related cognitive decline
  2. Several factors of brain aging and age-related cognitive decline
  3. Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) and mitochondrial function
  4. Brain PBM and metabolic effects
  5. Brain PBM and anti-inflammatory effects
  6. Brain PBM leads to a reduction in neuronal excitotoxicity
  7. Brain PBM increases cerebral vascularity and oxygenation
  8. Published research – Brain PBM within elderly demographics
A growing problem facing the elderly – age-related cognitive decline.

Due to advances in medical technology, the elderly demographic is the fastest growing segment of the global population. Consequently, the side effects of natural age-related cognitive decline – such as slowed thinking, memory recall and low mental energy is an increasingly prevalent problem because of the growth of the elderly population and the negative qualitative impacts on their quality of life.

elderly world population proportions

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019.

On the other hand, advancements in brain stimulation research combined with technological innovation has made longevity (or anti-aging) neurotechnology a promising proposition for  in the 21st century.

The question arises: how can brain photobiomodulation be used as a longevity biohacking tool to partially mitigate the negative side effects from brain aging, by augmenting certain physiological processes?

In this article, we’ll reference published research studies to explore how brain photobiomodulation could be used for longevity and anti-aging by improving neuronal mitochondrial function and overall enhanced holistic brain performance.

Please note that nothing known can reverse genetic aging and its negative effects, but lifestyle and technological interventions have the potential to lessen or mitigate some of aging’s negative effects.

Several factors of brain aging and age-related cognitive decline

Brain aging is a natural biological process that results in a decline in brain physiological functions. Multiple factors contribute to this phenomenon.

One of the notable factors of brain aging is a gradual decline in mitochondrial function within neurons. This leads to a decline in cognitive function and suboptimal brain performance because neurons experience a reduction in mitochondrial energy metabolism.

Additionally, a decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation due to a loss in brain vascularity leads to a decline in cognitive function.[19]

The aging brain is also characterized by an increase neuroinflammation.[17] Scientists have linked neuroinflammation with cognitive decline and higher risks for age-related cognitive impairment.[18]

What are mitochondria and neurons?

  • Mitochondria are the batteries of the cell. These membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
  • Neurons are information messengers. Neurons, sometimes called nerve cells, make up around 10 percent of the brain; the rest consists of glial cells and astrocytes that support and nourish neurons. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system.

Focusing on neuronal mitochondria and the aging process

Neuronal mitochondria play key roles in regulating the brain aging process. When their function declines, the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reduced, leading to a reduction in neuronal metabolism. Additionally, a decline in mitochondrial function leads to reduced activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors that modulate the expression of various proteins.[1]

Note: Transcription factors regulate the transcription of genes— the process of copying into RNA during protein synthesis (quick fact: at least 10,000 different proteins make you what you are and keep you that way). Proteins are the building blocks of who you are.

Brain photobiomodulation and mitochondrial function

Brain photobiomodulation holds the potential to enhance mitochondrial function, partially mitigating the negative effects of aging.

The mechanism of photobiomodulation (PBM) is due to the ability of cells to absorb photons of red-to-near infrared light (620–1100 nm) by the mitochondria photoacceptor, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO).[2]

Note: CCO is the fourth enzymatic complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and it catalyzes the reaction reducing oxygen into water, which is coupled to the production of metabolic energy in cells.

Activation of mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase through photobiomodulation

Figure 1: Activation of mitochondria cytochrome c oxidase through photobiomodulation

The mitochondrial biomechanisms of photobiomodulation

CCO upregulation

The absorption of red to NIR photons by mitochondria CCO triggers a series of cellular and physiological effects occur in the brain, also known as CCO upregulation.

The biomechanisms and cascade effects of photobiomodulation

Figure 2: The cascade effects of photobiomodulation

CCO upregulation leads to:

  • A small increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate mitochondrial signaling pathways linked to neuroprotection. [3]
  • An increase in nitric oxide (NO) which stimulate vasodilation and cerebral blood flow.[4]
  • An increase in ATP production [5]

Combined, these effects trigger and improve the activation of signaling pathways and transcription factors that modulate the long-term expression of various proteins and metabolic pathways in the brain.[6] Additionally, electrophysiological effects on the human brain have also been demonstrated by PBM in older people.[7, 8]

Metabolic effects and brain oxygenation

The metabolic effects of PBM in the elderly have been shown to increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to the increase in CCO activity, leading to an increase in brain oxygenation. Photobiomodulation of the prefrontal cortex was able to increase the resting-state EEG alpha, beta and gamma power, and more efficient prefrontal fMRI response, facilitating cognitive processing in the elderly. [8] Additionally, photobiomodulation of the Default Mode Network (DMN) has also been shown to increase cerebral perfusion due to an increase in mitochondrial activity. [9]

Brain PBM and anti-inflammatory effects

In addition to the above findings, PBM may be a promising strategy for improving aging brains because of its anti-inflammatory effects. [10, 11]

Brain PBM leads to a reduction in neuronal excitotoxicity

In 2022, researchers from the University of Alberta published a multi-layered study investigating the way that living cells, cellular structures, and components such as microtubules and tubulin respond to near-infrared photobiomodulation (NIR PBM) using the Vielight Neuro Alpha.

Their study showed that PBM balances excitatory stimulation with inhibition, indicating that PBM may reduce excitotoxicity which is relevant to the maintenance of a healthy brain. This study also showed that low-intensity PBM upregulates mitochondrial potential and improves physiological brain functions impaired due to trauma or neurodegeneration. [14]

Brain PBM increases cerebral vascularity and oxygenation

Aging is accompanied by changes in tissue structure, often resulting in functional decline. The blood vessels within the brain are no exception. As one ages, a decrease in blood flow to the brain is caused by a loss of cerebral vascularity, leading to cognitive decline when neurons cannot obtain sufficient oxygen.[21] Brain photobiomodulation has also been shown to increase cerebral blood flow due to the vasodilation that occurs after the release of nitric oxide.[20]

brain photobiomodulation benefits and effects

Figure 3: The beneficial effects of photobiomodulation

Summary

These findings are promising because as one gets older, mitochondrial function decreases, cerebral perfusion and oxygenation decreases[12] , inflammation increases and brain vascularity decreases.

However, brain photobiomodulation has the potential to partially improve mitochondrial function, cerebral blood flow, brain vascularity and potentially, reduce inflammation.

Published research – Brain PBM within elderly demographics

In 2017, researchers from the Department of Psychology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin found that brain photobiomodulation increases resting-state EEG alpha, beta and gamma power, promotes more efficient fMRI activity, and facilitates behavioral cognitive processing in middle-aged and older adults at risk for cognitive decline. No adverse effects were reported.

These findings support the potential of brain photobiomodulation to augment neurocognitive function and to combat aging-related and vascular disease-induced cognitive decline [13]

In 2019, Dr. Chao from the Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco VA Medical Center conducted a study on patients in their 80s diagnosed with dementia. The NIR PBM treatments were administered by a study partner at home three times per week with the Vielight Neuro Gamma device. After 12 weeks, there were improvements in the ADAS-cog and NPI scores, increased cerebral perfusion and increased connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and lateral parietal nodes within the default-mode network in the PBM group. [15]

In 2021, researchers from the School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, discovered that measures of mobility, cognition, dynamic balance and fine motor skill were significantly improved with PBM treatment for 12 weeks and up to one year in a pilot study with 12 participants. Many individual improvements were above the minimal clinically important difference, the threshold judged to be meaningful for participants. Individual improvements varied but many continued for up to one year with sustained home treatment using the Vielight Neuro Gamma. There was a demonstrable Hawthorne Effect that was below the treatment effect. No side effects of the treatment were observed.

References
  1. Jang, J. Y., Blum, A., Liu, J., & Finkel, T. (2018). The role of mitochondria in aging. The Journal of clinical investigation, 128(9), 3662–3670. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI120842
  2. Dompe, C., Moncrieff, L., Matys, J., Grzech-Leśniak, K., Kocherova, I., Bryja, A., Bruska, M., Dominiak, M., Mozdziak, P., Skiba, T., Shibli, J. A., Angelova Volponi, A., Kempisty, B., & Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska, M. (2020). Photobiomodulation-Underlying Mechanism and Clinical Applications. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(6), 1724. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061724
  3. Suski, J. M., Lebiedzinska, M., Bonora, M., Pinton, P., Duszynski, J., & Wieckowski, M. R. (2012). Relation between mitochondrial membrane potential and ROS formation. In Mitochondrial bioenergetics (pp. 183-205). Humana Press.
  4. Wang X., Tian F., Soni S.S., Gonzalez-Lima F., Liu H. Interplay between up-regulation of cytochrome-c-oxidase and hemoglobin oxygenation induced by near-infrared laser. Sci. Rep. 2016;6:30540. doi: 10.1038/srep30540.
  5. Hamblin M.R. Photobiomodulation for traumatic brain injury and stroke. J. Neurosci. Res. 2018;96:731–743. doi: 10.1002/jnr.24190.
  6. Cardoso FDS, Mansur FCB, Lopes-Martins RÁB, Gonzalez-Lima F, Gomes da Silva S. Transcranial Laser Photobiomodulation Improves Intracellular Signaling Linked to Cell Survival, Memory and Glucose Metabolism in the Aged Brain: A Preliminary Study. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Sep 3;15:683127. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.683127. PMID: 34539346; PMCID: PMC8446546.
  7. Wang, X., Dmochowski, J. P., Zeng, L., Kallioniemi, E., Husain, M., GonzalezLima, F., & Liu, H. (2019). Transcranial photobiomodulation with 1064-nm laser modulates brain electroencephalogram rhythms. Neurophotonics, 6(2), 025013.
  8. Vargas E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, et al. Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. Lasers in medical science. 2017;32(5):1153–1162. [PubMed: 28466195]
  9. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.
  10. Hamblin MR. Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation. AIMS Biophys. 2017;4(3):337-361. doi: 10.3934/biophy.2017.3.337. Epub 2017 May 19. PMID: 28748217; PMCID: PMC5523874.
  11. dos Santos Cardoso, F., Mansur, F.C.B., Araújo, B.H.S. et al.Photobiomodulation Improves the Inflammatory Response and Intracellular Signaling Proteins Linked to Vascular Function and Cell Survival in the Brain of Aged Rats. Mol Neurobiol 59, 420–428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02606-4
  12. Braz, I. D., & Fisher, J. P. (2016). The impact of age on cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and metabolism during exercise in humans. The Journal of physiology, 594(16), 4471–4483. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271081
  13. Vargas E, Barrett DW, Saucedo CL, Huang LD, Abraham JA, Tanaka H, Haley AP, Gonzalez-Lima F. Beneficial neurocognitive effects of transcranial laser in older adults. Lasers Med Sci. 2017 Jul;32(5):1153-1162. doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2221-y. Epub 2017 May 2. PMID: 28466195; PMCID: PMC6802936.
  14. Staelens Michael, Di Gregorio Elisabetta, Kalra Aarat P., Le Hoa T., Hosseinkhah Nazanin, Karimpoor Mahroo, Lim Lew, Tuszyński Jack A. Near-Infrared Photobiomodulation of Living Cells, Tubulin, and Microtubules In Vitro, Frontiers in Medical Technology 4. 2022 May 04, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmedt.2022.871196, ISBN:2673-3129
  15. Chao LL. Effects of Home Photobiomodulation Treatments on Cognitive and Behavioral Function, Cerebral Perfusion, and Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Trial. Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg. 2019 Mar;37(3):133-141. doi: 10.1089/photob.2018.4555. Epub 2019 Feb 13. PMID: 31050950.
  16. Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, Heller G, Jalilitabaei P, Tilley S, Mitrofanis J, Kiat H. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson’s disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. doi: 10.1186/s12883-021-02248-y. PMID: 34215216; PMCID: PMC8249215.
  17. Sparkman NL, Johnson RW. Neuroinflammation associated with aging sensitizes the brain to the effects of infection or stress. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008;15(4-6):323-30. doi: 10.1159/000156474. Epub 2008 Nov 26. PMID: 19047808; PMCID: PMC2704383.
  18. Simen AA, Bordner KA, Martin MP, Moy LA, Barry LC. Cognitive dysfunction with aging and the role of inflammation. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2011 May;2(3):175-95. doi: 10.1177/2040622311399145. PMID: 23251749; PMCID: PMC3513880.
  19. Yang T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Leak RK, Zhang F. The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 Mar;34:15-29. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27693240; PMCID: PMC5250548.
  20. Salgado AS, Zângaro RA, Parreira RB, Kerppers II. The effects of transcranial LED therapy (TCLT) on cerebral blood flow in the elderly women. Lasers in medical science. 2015;30(1):339– 346. doi: 10.1007/s10103-014-1669-2 [PubMed: 25277249]
  21. Yang T, Sun Y, Lu Z, Leak RK, Zhang F. The impact of cerebrovascular aging on vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Ageing Res Rev. 2017 Mar;34:15-29. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 28. PMID: 27693240; PMCID: PMC5250548.

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